{"version":2,"locale":"pl","id":"story.democracy-1989","hasFind":true,"slug":"democracy-1989","url":"/pl/stories/democracy-1989/","topic":"10 listopada 1989","title":"10 listopada: kto zmienia zasady?","summary":"Petycja w obronie wody, zmiana na czele partii, negocjacje i wybory. Opowieść prowadzi od wydarzeń 1989 r. do konstytucji z 1991 r.","cover":{"title":"10 listopada: kto zmienia zasady?","subtitle":"Od petycji Ekogłasnost do konstytucji z 1991 r.","hook":"Jak zmieniała się władza w latach 1989–1991?","summary":"Petycja w obronie wody, zmiana na czele partii, negocjacje i wybory. Opowieść prowadzi od wydarzeń 1989 r. do konstytucji z 1991 r.","takeaway":"W tej opowieści odróżniamy zmianę przywódcy od zmiany zasad."},"sortYear":1989,"firstActivity":7,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.xx","styleId":"xx","sortOrder":0,"title":"XX wiek","dateLabel":"1901–2000","eraShort":"XX wiek","slug":"xx","fill":"#CFC9C4","ink":"#221616","raised":"#D6D1CD","dark":"#64615F"},"epochId":"epoch.xx","placeShort":"Sofia","date":"1989–1991","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-cutout-480.b48135fe.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-cutout-960.b48135fe.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-cutout-1600.b48135fe.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#8d7a6d","h":2259,"w":2214,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-cutout-960.b48135fe.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-cutout-960.b48135fe.webp","id":"asset.dem.bell-cutout","alt":"Wycięty detal; tło usunięte. Metalowy dzwonek na ozdobnej podstawie za szybą.","objectCaption":"Dzwonek muzealny","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Biser Todorov · CC BY 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Biser Todorov; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY 4.0. A museum photograph of a parliamentary bell. The photograph’s catalogue associates it with the declaration of the people’s republic in 1946. Its use at the adoption of the constitution in 1991 has not been established. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Biser Todorov; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY 4.0. A museum photograph of a parliamentary bell. The photograph’s catalogue associates it with the declaration of the people’s republic in 1946. Its use at the adoption of the constitution in 1991 has not been established. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bell_of_bulgarian_parlament_1946.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"democracy-1989.s1-signatures","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Podpisy w obronie wody","body":"Jesienią 1989 r. w Sofii ludzie składają podpisy na kartkach papieru. Ekogłasnost, niezależna grupa działająca na rzecz ochrony przyrody, zbiera podpisy pod petycją. Sprzeciwia się ona planom odprowadzania wody z gór Riła w inne miejsca. Petycja to wspólne pisemne żądanie skierowane do władz.\n\nW ogrodzie Kristał podpisy zbierane są publicznie. 26 października milicja, ówczesna policja, bije i zatrzymuje uczestników. Przemoc pochłonęła ofiary także wcześniej. Już w maju protesty bułgarskich Turków zostały stłumione siłą i były ofiary śmiertelne.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-parliament-480.44626f9e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-parliament-960.44626f9e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-parliament-1600.44626f9e.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#6d7e8a","h":767,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-parliament-960.44626f9e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-dem-parliament-960.44626f9e.webp","id":"asset.dem.parliament","alt":"Jasna fasada Zgromadzenia Narodowego w Sofii.","objectCaption":"Jasna fasada Zgromadzenia Narodowego w Sofii.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Лорд Бъмбъри · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Лорд Бъмбъри; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. The National Assembly building in Sofia, 2 October 2016. A later view of the building, not evidence of its appearance or the people outside it in 1989. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Лорд Бъмбъри; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. The National Assembly building in Sofia, 2 October 2016. A later view of the building, not evidence of its appearance or the people outside it in 1989. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:National_Assembly_main_building,_Sofia,_October_2016_02.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":38.67616666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.democracy-1989.democracy-1989.s1-signatures","duration":38.784,"src":"/audio/pl/democracy-1989/s1-signatures.b4d16729.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.dem.eko1989"},{"id":"src.dem.dineva2019"}]},{"id":"democracy-1989.s2-petition","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"3 listopada: podpisy docierają do parlamentu","body":"3 listopada 1989 r. uczestnicy pochodu w Sofii składają petycję w Zgromadzeniu Narodowym, bułgarskim parlamencie. Ludzie chcą, by wysłuchano ich w sprawie wody i przyrody.\n\nNaszym zdaniem petycja wyraża także żądanie udziału obywateli w podejmowaniu decyzji. To interpretacja, a nie cytat z dokumentu. Na mapie parlament wskazuje miejsce, do którego dotarło żądanie. Drugi punkt to Bojana, kompleks budynków używany przez kierownictwo państwa. Tydzień później obradowało tam kierownictwo partii. To różne miejsca i działania.","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"3 listopada 1989 r. pochód zaniósł petycję Ekogłasnosti do Zgromadzenia Narodowego.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.dem.parliament","name":"Zgromadzenie Narodowe, historyczny gmach","latitude":42.694444444444,"longitude":23.332777777778,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":70,"sourceIds":["src.dem.coordinates","src.dem.eko1989"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/pl/place/#bulgaria-national-assembly-building","slug":"dem.parliament","url":"/pl/map/#dem.parliament"},{"note":"Kompleks budynków wykorzystywany przez władze państwowe. Punkt jest przybliżony i nie wskazuje sali obrad.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.dem.boyana","name":"Kompleks Bojana","latitude":42.655278,"longitude":23.2675,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":700,"sourceIds":["src.dem.coordinates","src.dem.bnt2019"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"dem.boyana","url":"/pl/map/#dem.boyana"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-1536.8876519a.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-2048.4c826249.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-3072.8876519a.avif","w":3072}]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief-dark@3x.jpg?v=0941a59d06","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-1024.73ab39a9.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-1536.4f3ca147.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-2048.73ab39a9.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-3072.4f3ca147.avif","w":3072}]},"places":[{"note":"3 listopada 1989 r. pochód zaniósł petycję Ekogłasnosti do Zgromadzenia Narodowego.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.dem.parliament","name":"Zgromadzenie Narodowe, historyczny gmach","latitude":42.694444444444,"longitude":23.332777777778,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":70,"sourceIds":["src.dem.coordinates","src.dem.eko1989"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/pl/place/#bulgaria-national-assembly-building","slug":"dem.parliament","url":"/pl/map/#dem.parliament","number":1,"x":22.90972,"y":50.91146,"inside":true,"viewX":28.378491870967743,"viewY":49.3399506483871},{"note":"Kompleks budynków wykorzystywany przez władze państwowe. Punkt jest przybliżony i nie wskazuje sali obrad.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.dem.boyana","name":"Kompleks Bojana","latitude":42.655278,"longitude":23.2675,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":700,"sourceIds":["src.dem.coordinates","src.dem.bnt2019"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"dem.boyana","url":"/pl/map/#dem.boyana","number":2,"x":22.09375,"y":51.94123,"inside":true,"viewX":37.37849187096774,"viewY":55.3399506483871}],"extent":[0,0,1,1],"orientation":[{"name":"Sofia","kind":"town","x":22.774,"y":50.826,"viewX":28.210374193548386,"viewY":49.2303964419355},{"name":"Płowdiw","kind":"town","x":40.566,"y":65.549,"viewX":50.24949677419356,"viewY":68.10433257096776},{"name":"Warna","kind":"town","x":80.184,"y":37.187,"viewX":99.32469677419355,"viewY":31.746078377419355},{"name":"Burgas","kind":"town","x":74.532,"y":55.892,"viewX":92.32350967741935,"viewY":55.724681603225825},{"name":"Ruse","kind":"town","x":55.821,"y":20.617,"viewX":69.14601290322581,"viewY":10.50440740967742},{"name":"Wielkie Tyrnowo","kind":"town","x":51.465,"y":40.853,"viewX":63.7501935483871,"viewY":36.445653861290324},{"name":"Plewen","kind":"town","x":38.834,"y":31.796,"viewX":48.104051612903234,"viewY":24.835164183870972},{"name":"Stara Zagora","kind":"town","x":51.681,"y":57.962,"viewX":64.01775483870968,"viewY":58.37828805483872},{"name":"Szumen","kind":"town","x":67.951,"y":35.671,"viewX":84.17156129032259,"viewY":29.802664183870963},{"name":"Widyń","kind":"town","x":17.099,"y":16.308,"viewX":21.18069677419355,"viewY":4.980547409677417},{"name":"Błagojewgrad","kind":"town","x":19.929,"y":68.531,"viewX":24.686245161290323,"viewY":71.927064183871},{"name":"Chaskowo","kind":"town","x":50.694,"y":70.78,"viewX":62.79514838709679,"viewY":74.81013708709679},{"name":"Smolan","kind":"town","x":40.014,"y":80.031,"viewX":49.56572903225807,"viewY":86.66932224838712},{"name":"Sliwen","kind":"town","x":60.286,"y":51.247,"viewX":74.67685161290323,"viewY":49.77009128064516},{"name":"Dobricz","kind":"town","x":79.091,"y":27.65,"viewX":97.97078709677419,"viewY":19.520259667741932},{"name":"Pernik","kind":"town","x":19.223,"y":53.257,"viewX":23.811716129032256,"viewY":52.346781603225814},{"name":"Jamboł","kind":"town","x":62.544,"y":56.432,"viewX":77.47385806451614,"viewY":56.41692676451614},{"name":"Pazardżik","kind":"town","x":35.42,"y":64.052,"viewX":43.87509677419355,"viewY":66.18527515161293},{"name":"Wraca","kind":"town","x":25.661,"y":37.29,"viewX":31.786529032258066,"viewY":31.878117732258065},{"name":"Gabrowo","kind":"town","x":47.734,"y":46.177,"viewX":59.12856774193549,"viewY":43.270678377419365},{"name":"Kyrdżali","kind":"town","x":48.471,"y":78.573,"viewX":60.04149677419355,"viewY":84.80026031290323},{"name":"Kiustendił","kind":"town","x":14.889,"y":61.673,"viewX":18.443148387096777,"viewY":63.13555063548388},{"name":"Montana","kind":"town","x":21.563,"y":31.916,"viewX":26.710296774193548,"viewY":24.988996441935484},{"name":"Łowecz","kind":"town","x":40.178,"y":39.23,"viewX":49.76887741935484,"viewY":34.36507257096774},{"name":"Silistra","kind":"town","x":72.008,"y":13.056,"viewX":89.1970064516129,"viewY":0.8116932161290262},{"name":"Tyrgowiszte","kind":"town","x":63.402,"y":36.202,"viewX":78.53667096774194,"viewY":30.48337192580646},{"name":"Razgrad","kind":"town","x":62.709,"y":28.698,"viewX":77.67824516129032,"viewY":20.863728054838713},{"name":"Kazanłyk","kind":"town","x":48.661,"y":52.884,"viewX":60.27685161290323,"viewY":51.86861966774193},{"name":"Dunaj","kind":"nature","x":46.384,"y":23.924,"viewX":57.45630967741936,"viewY":14.74376805483871},{"name":"Morze Czarne","kind":"nature","x":86.25,"y":45.496,"viewX":106.83870967741937,"viewY":42.39768031290323},{"name":"Stara Płanina","kind":"nature","x":41.25,"y":49.45,"viewX":51.09677419354839,"viewY":47.46645321612905},{"name":"Riła","kind":"nature","x":25.625,"y":65.69,"viewX":31.741935483870964,"viewY":68.28508547419355},{"name":"Pirin","kind":"nature","x":24.125,"y":75.565,"viewX":29.883870967741938,"viewY":80.94419837741937},{"name":"Rodopy","kind":"nature","x":38.75,"y":79.447,"viewX":48.00000000000001,"viewY":85.92067192580647},{"name":"Strandża","kind":"nature","x":76.25,"y":67.774,"viewX":94.45161290322581,"viewY":70.95663902258066}],"crop":{"sx":0.8072916666666666,"sy":0.7800704579768494,"x":0,"y":0.12422822101157527},"credit":{"id":"map-relief"}},"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":35.98266666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.democracy-1989.democracy-1989.s2-petition","duration":36.096,"src":"/audio/pl/democracy-1989/s2-petition.70c9581c.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.dem.eko1989"},{"id":"src.dem.bnt2019"}]},{"id":"democracy-1989.s3-party-change","number":3,"kind":"narrative","title":"10 listopada: zmiana przywódcy partii","body":"10 listopada 1989 r. Komitet Centralny przyjmuje rezygnację Todora Żiwkowa. Jest to organ kierowniczy Bułgarskiej Partii Komunistycznej. Żiwkow ustępuje ze stanowiska sekretarza generalnego, najwyższego w partii. Wybrano nowego przywódcę partyjnego.\n\nDecyzja zapada wewnątrz partii rządzącej. Nie jest to wybór obywateli. Żiwkow traci stanowisko partyjne dziesiątego, a urząd głowy państwa 17 listopada. Naszym zdaniem sama zmiana przywódcy nie zmienia zasad sprawowania władzy.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhivkov-480.051ea1bc.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhivkov-960.051ea1bc.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhivkov-1600.051ea1bc.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#8f8f8f","h":1223,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhivkov-960.051ea1bc.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhivkov-960.051ea1bc.webp","id":"asset.dem.zhivkov","alt":"Czarno-białe zdjęcie Żiwkowa w okularach przed mikrofonem.","objectCaption":"Czarno-białe zdjęcie Żiwkowa w okularach przed mikrofonem.","caption":"","kindLabel":"Zdjęcie","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Nieznany fotograf / Anefo · CC0 · Nationaal Archief / Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Archival photograph. Photo: Unknown photographer / Anefo; Nationaal Archief / Wikimedia Commons; CC0. Todor Zhivkov in an archival photograph from 1971. The photograph does not show the party meeting of 1989. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Archival photograph. Photo: Unknown photographer / Anefo; Nationaal Archief / Wikimedia Commons; CC0. Todor Zhivkov in an archival photograph from 1971. The photograph does not show the party meeting of 1989. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Todor_Zhivkov_,_eerste_secretaris_Communistische_Partij_en_president_van_Bulgari,_Bestanddeelnr_924-8077.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":34.403708333333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.democracy-1989.democracy-1989.s3-party-change","duration":34.517,"src":"/audio/pl/democracy-1989/s3-party-change.762cdb8c.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.dem.dineva2019"},{"id":"src.dem.bnt2019"},{"id":"src.dem.mihaylova2022"},{"id":"src.dem.gazette1991"}]},{"id":"democracy-1989.s4-round-table","number":4,"kind":"narrative","title":"Negocjatorzy obiecują nie stosować przemocy","body":"3 stycznia 1990 r. rozpoczynają się rozmowy przygotowawcze do Narodowego Okrągłego Stołu. To negocjacje między partią rządzącą a organizacjami, które chcą zmian w sprawowaniu władzy. Ich wspólne posiedzenia zaczynają się 22 stycznia.\n\n12 marca uczestnicy obiecują nie stosować przemocy i szukać porozumienia w rozmowie. Obietnica pokazuje, jak chcą działać. Nie dowodzi, że przemoc zniknęła.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhelev-480.ce685995.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhelev-960.ce685995.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhelev-1600.ce685995.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#293239","h":1073,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhelev-960.ce685995.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhelev-960.ce685995.webp","id":"asset.dem.zhelev","alt":"Żelu Żelew po lewej i Jacques Santer na niebieskim tle z żółtymi gwiazdami.","objectCaption":"Żelu Żelew po lewej i Jacques Santer na niebieskim tle z żółtymi gwiazdami.","caption":"","kindLabel":"Zdjęcie","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Patrick Bombaert - European Commission · CC BY 4.0 · European Commission / Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 4.0","attribution":"Archival photograph. Photo: Patrick Bombaert - European Commission; European Commission / Wikimedia Commons; CC BY 4.0. Zhelyu Zhelev on the left with Jacques Santer, 26 March 1996. This is a later photograph of a Round Table participant, not a photograph of the negotiations. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Archival photograph. Photo: Patrick Bombaert - European Commission; European Commission / Wikimedia Commons; CC BY 4.0. Zhelyu Zhelev on the left with Jacques Santer, 26 March 1996. This is a later photograph of a Round Table participant, not a photograph of the negotiations. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zhelev,_Santer_1996.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":27.867291666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.democracy-1989.democracy-1989.s4-round-table","duration":27.989,"src":"/audio/pl/democracy-1989/s4-round-table.29b64256.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.dem.mihaylova2022"},{"id":"src.dem.roundtable-peace"},{"id":"src.dem.dineva2019"}]},{"id":"democracy-1989.s5-election","number":5,"kind":"narrative","title":"Głosowanie wyłania zgromadzenie","body":"Wiosną 1990 r. rozmowy prowadzą do porozumienia w sprawie wyborów do Wielkiego Zgromadzenia Narodowego. Ma ono opracować nową konstytucję, ustawę zasadniczą państwa. „Wielkie” oznacza zgromadzenie o szczególnych uprawnieniach, takich jak przyjęcie konstytucji.\n\nGłosowanie odbywa się 10 czerwca. 17 czerwca odbywa się ponowne głosowanie dotyczące części miejsc w zgromadzeniu. Wybrano łącznie 400 przedstawicieli. Bułgarska Partia Socjalistyczna, czyli partia komunistyczna pod zmienioną nazwą, ma 211 wybranych przedstawicieli. Związek Sił Demokratycznych ma ich 144. Przedstawicieli mają również inne siły polityczne.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-mladenov-480.892c8eae.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-mladenov-960.892c8eae.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-mladenov-1600.892c8eae.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#9d9d9d","h":1062,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-mladenov-960.892c8eae.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-dem-mladenov-960.892c8eae.webp","id":"asset.dem.mladenov","alt":"Dwaj mężczyźni w garniturach przed oddziałem honorowym na lotnisku.","objectCaption":"Dwaj mężczyźni w garniturach przed oddziałem honorowym na lotnisku.","caption":"","kindLabel":"Zdjęcie","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Bert Verhoeff  for  Anefo · CC0 · Nationaal Archief / Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Archival photograph. 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