{"version":2,"locale":"pl","id":"story.exarchate-1870","hasFind":true,"slug":"exarchate-1870","url":"/pl/stories/exarchate-1870/","topic":"Egzarchat Bułgarski","title":"Dlaczego Iłarion pomija jedno imię?","summary":"W 1860 r. Iłarion Makariopolski pomija imię patriarchy w modlitwie wielkanocnej. Dziesięć lat później sułtański dekret reguluje sprawę Egzarchatu Bułgarskiego. Co zmienia dokument, a co pozostaje sporne?","cover":{"title":"Dlaczego Iłarion pomija jedno imię?","subtitle":"Od akcji wielkanocnej do Egzarchatu Bułgarskiego","hook":"Brakuje jednego imienia. Co to oznacza?","summary":"W 1860 r. Iłarion Makariopolski pomija imię patriarchy w modlitwie wielkanocnej. Dziesięć lat później sułtański dekret reguluje sprawę Egzarchatu Bułgarskiego. Co zmienia dokument, a co pozostaje sporne?","takeaway":"Publiczna odmowa podporządkowania, dekret państwowy i uznanie kościelne to odrębne kroki."},"sortYear":1870,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.revival","styleId":"revival","sortOrder":1,"title":"Odrodzenie i wyzwolenie","dateLabel":"XVIII–XIX wiek","eraShort":"Odrodzenie","slug":"revival","fill":"#B9A48E","ink":"#221616","raised":"#C4B29F","dark":"#77654D"},"epochId":"epoch.revival","placeShort":"Konstantynopol","date":"1860–1872","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-seal-cutout-480.f15ece47.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-seal-cutout-700.f15ece47.avif","w":700}],"dominant":"#c5ac85","h":692,"w":700,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-seal-cutout-700.f15ece47.webp","w":700}],"src":"/media/asset-exa-seal-cutout-700.f15ece47.webp","id":"asset.exa.seal-cutout","alt":"Wycięty detal; tło usunięte. Okrągła pieczęć z lustrzanymi literami i rokiem na przezroczystej podstawce muzealnej. Jej odcisk byłby czytelny.","objectCaption":"Firman sułtański","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NHMB-Seal-of-Bulgarian-Exarchate-1872.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"exarchate-1870.s1-missing-name","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Imię, które nie pada","body":"Wielkanoc 1860 r. Biskup Iłarion Makariopolski odprawia nabożeństwo w drewnianej cerkwi św. Stefana w Konstantynopolu, dzisiejszym Stambule. Biskup jest duchownym wysokiej rangi. W modlitwie nie wspomina patriarchy Cyryla VII. Patriarcha jest najwyższym zwierzchnikiem kościelnym, któremu podlega wówczas wspólnota.\n\nW kościelnej relacji wspomnienie imienia oznacza uznanie władzy patriarchy. Gest ten można rozumieć jako publiczne żądanie samodzielnego zarządu kościelnego. Jedno nabożeństwo nie tworzy jednak niezależnego Kościoła uznawanego przez wszystkich.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-ilarion-480.2580385a.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-ilarion-960.2580385a.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-ilarion-1021.2580385a.avif","w":1021}],"dominant":"#766e5d","h":1600,"w":1021,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-ilarion-960.2580385a.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-exa-ilarion-960.2580385a.webp","id":"asset.exa.ilarion","alt":"Iłarion Makariopolski. Późniejsza pocztówka portretowa ze zbiorów archiwalnych; nie jest zdjęciem z nabożeństwa w 1860 r.","objectCaption":"Iłarion Makariopolski. Późniejsza pocztówka portretowa ze zbiorów archiwalnych; nie jest zdjęciem z nabożeństwa w 1860 r.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Grigor Paskov (według Wikimedia Commons; fotograf pierwotnego portretu nieustalony) · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Państwowa Agencja Archiwów Bułgarii / Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Grigor Paskov — author according to Wikimedia Commons. Provided by the Bulgarian Archives State Agency: fonds 546K, inventory 1, archival unit 108, sheet 9. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Grigor Paskov — author according to Wikimedia Commons. Provided by the Bulgarian Archives State Agency: fonds 546K, inventory 1, archival unit 108, sheet 9. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-546K-1-108-9-Ilarion_Makariopolski.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":36.83016666666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.exarchate-1870.exarchate-1870.s1-missing-name","duration":36.949,"src":"/audio/pl/exarchate-1870/s1-missing-name.4143491b.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.exa.easter2010"},{"id":"src.exa.sofia2020"}]},{"id":"exarchate-1870.s2-two-neighbours","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Bułgarzy chcą własnych zwierzchników kościelnych","body":"Mapa pokazuje bułgarską świątynię i siedzibę patriarchy w dzielnicy Fener. Patriarchat jest instytucją kościelną kierowaną przez patriarchę. Oba punkty leżą blisko siebie w osmańskiej stolicy. Spór dotyczy jednak wspólnot daleko poza Konstantynopolem.\n\nW XIX wieku bułgarscy działacze domagają się języka bułgarskiego w szkołach i cerkiewnosłowiańskiego w nabożeństwach. To dawny język słowiański używany w liturgii. Chcą też własnego zarządu kościelnego.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-bozveli-book-480.beeb641b.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-bozveli-book-960.beeb641b.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-bozveli-book-1201.beeb641b.avif","w":1201}],"dominant":"#8c7966","h":1600,"w":1201,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-bozveli-book-960.beeb641b.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-exa-bozveli-book-960.beeb641b.webp","id":"asset.exa.bozveli-book","alt":"Karta tytułowa książki religijnej Neofita Bozwelego, Belgrad, 1835 r. Fotografia muzealna z 2021 r.","objectCaption":"Karta tytułowa książki religijnej Neofita Bozwelego, Belgrad, 1835 r. 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W 1849 r. podarował miejsce pod bułgarską cerkiew.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Nieznany autor · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unknown artist. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown artist. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Stefanos_Vogoridis.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Przybliżony obszar wokół późniejszej żelaznej cerkwi. Nie wskazuje ustalonego miejsca ołtarza z 1860 r.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.exa.church","name":"Św. 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Nie przedstawia granic obszaru kościelnego.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.exa.patriarchate","name":"Siedziba Patriarchatu Konstantynopolitańskiego, dzielnica Fener","latitude":41.029222,"longitude":28.951675,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":100,"sourceIds":["src.exa.coordinates.patriarchate"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"exa.patriarchate","url":"/pl/map/#exa.patriarchate"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-1536.8876519a.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-2048.4c826249.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-3072.8876519a.avif","w":3072}]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief-dark@3x.jpg?v=0941a59d06","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-1024.73ab39a9.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-1536.4f3ca147.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-2048.73ab39a9.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-3072.4f3ca147.avif","w":3072}]},"places":[{"note":"Przybliżony obszar wokół późniejszej żelaznej cerkwi. 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Nie przedstawia granic obszaru kościelnego.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.exa.patriarchate","name":"Siedziba Patriarchatu Konstantynopolitańskiego, dzielnica 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postanawia dokument?","body":"W 1870 r. sułtan Abdulaziz wydaje firman dotyczący Egzarchatu Bułgarskiego. Firman to dekret sułtański. Egzarchat jest odrębną organizacją kościelną. Na jego czele stoi egzarcha — duchowny wysokiej rangi. Przewodniczy synodowi, radzie wyższych duchownych.\n\nPrzyjrzyj się drukowanemu dokumentowi. Po lewej jest tekst bułgarski, po prawej tekst zapisany pismem arabskim. Artykuł 1 ustanawia odrębny zarząd. Artykuł 4 ponownie wymaga wspominania imienia patriarchy. Egzarchat ma odrębny zarząd, ale zachowuje więzi z Patriarchatem.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-firman-480.38bbfed4.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-firman-960.38bbfed4.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-firman-1288.38bbfed4.avif","w":1288}],"dominant":"#d6d2c1","h":1852,"w":1288,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-firman-960.38bbfed4.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-exa-firman-960.38bbfed4.webp","id":"asset.exa.firman","alt":"Drukowana dwujęzyczna wersja fermanu z 1870 r.; nie jest rękopisem sułtana.","objectCaption":"Drukowana dwujęzyczna wersja fermanu z 1870 r.; nie jest rękopisem sułtana.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Osmańska kancelaria cesarska / Sułtan Abdülaziz (wystawca dokumentu); drukarz i twórca kopii cyfrowej nieznani · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Ottoman imperial chancery / Sultan Abdülaziz, issuer; printer and digitizer unestablished. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Ottoman imperial chancery / Sultan Abdülaziz, issuer; printer and digitizer unestablished. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sultan%E2%80%99s_Ferman_for_the_establishment_of_a_Bulgarian_Exarchate_1.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-exa-article1","x":0.335,"y":0.275,"title":"Odrębny zarząd","body":"Artykuł 1 wymienia Egzarchat Bułgarski i powierza mu zarząd duchowny.","sourceIds":["src.exa.firman-text"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-exa-article4","x":0.335,"y":0.42,"title":"Patriarcha pozostaje w modlitwie","body":"Artykuł 4 wymaga, by egzarcha wspominał patriarchę konstantynopolitańskiego.","sourceIds":["src.exa.firman-text"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-exa-article10","x":0.335,"y":0.698,"title":"Zasady dotyczące eparchii","body":"Artykuł 10 wymienia obszary i wyjątki. Dalej znajduje się opisany w scenie warunek dotyczący wszystkich lub co najmniej dwóch trzecich prawosławnych mieszkańców.","sourceIds":["src.exa.firman-text"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":36.714083333333335,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.exarchate-1870.exarchate-1870.s3-decree-on-paper","duration":36.821,"src":"/audio/pl/exarchate-1870/s3-decree-on-paper.8ec40ce3.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.exa.firman-text"},{"id":"src.exa.agency2020"},{"id":"src.exa.image.firman"}]},{"id":"exarchate-1870.s4-districts-not-state","number":4,"kind":"narrative","title":"Które wspólnoty się przyłączają?","body":"Firman reguluje sprawy okręgów kościelnych zwanych eparchiami. Artykuł 10 je wymienia i wskazuje wyjątki. Prawosławni to chrześcijanie wschodniej tradycji kościelnej. W innych miejscach dokument dopuszcza przyłączenie, jeśli chcą tego wszyscy lub co najmniej dwie trzecie prawosławnych mieszkańców. Ich wolę trzeba sprawdzić.\n\nWarunek nie dotyczy wszystkich mieszkańców niezależnie od wyznania. Okręg kościelny nie jest granicą nowego państwa.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-abdulaziz-480.7fcd32f5.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-abdulaziz-960.7fcd32f5.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-abdulaziz-1077.7fcd32f5.avif","w":1077}],"dominant":"#493d43","h":1600,"w":1077,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-abdulaziz-960.7fcd32f5.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-exa-abdulaziz-960.7fcd32f5.webp","id":"asset.exa.abdulaziz","alt":"Portret sułtana Abdülaziza, datowany przez dostawcę na 1869 r. Sułtan wydał ferman w 1870 r.","objectCaption":"Portret sułtana Abdülaziza, datowany przez dostawcę na 1869 r. 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W 1871 r. w Konstantynopolu zbiera się sobór kościelno-narodowy. To zgromadzenie duchownych i świeckich — wiernych, którzy nie są duchownymi. Omawiają statut, czyli zasady zarządzania Egzarchatem. W 1872 r. na egzarchę zostaje wybrany Antym I.\n\nNa zdjęciu jest pieczęć opisana przez fotografa jako pieczęć egzarchatu z 1872 r. Litery i rok na pieczęci są odbite lustrzanie. Na odcisku można je odczytać normalnie.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-seal-480.1fd19009.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-seal-960.1fd19009.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-seal-1203.1fd19009.avif","w":1203}],"dominant":"#a08a5e","h":1192,"w":1203,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-seal-960.1fd19009.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-exa-seal-960.1fd19009.webp","id":"asset.exa.seal","alt":"Okrągła pieczęć z lustrzanymi literami i rokiem na przezroczystej podstawce muzealnej. 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Fotograf opisuje przedmiot jako pieczęć z 1872 r.","sourceIds":["src.exa.image.seal"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-exa-seal-name","x":0.45,"y":0.235,"title":"Nazwa na obrzeżu","body":"Napis na obrzeżu wymienia Egzarchat Bułgarski lustrzanymi literami.","sourceIds":["src.exa.image.seal"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-exa-seal-support","x":0.475,"y":0.858,"title":"Podstawka muzealna","body":"Pod przedmiotem widać przezroczystą podstawkę. To zdjęcie ekspozycji muzealnej, a nie użycia pieczęci w XIX wieku.","sourceIds":["src.exa.image.seal"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":34.96095833333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.exarchate-1870.exarchate-1870.s5-making-institution","duration":35.072,"src":"/audio/pl/exarchate-1870/s5-making-institution.3a2d15cd.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.exa.assembly2021"},{"id":"src.exa.sofia2020"},{"id":"src.exa.image.seal"}]},{"id":"exarchate-1870.a2-timeline","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Zadanie: uporządkuj wydarzenia","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.exa.timeline","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Co wydarzyło się najpierw? 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Żelazny budynek pochodzi z 1898 r.; nie jest drewnianą świątynią z czasu akcji wielkanocnej.","objectCaption":"Cerkiew św. Stefana, zdjęcie z 2020 r. Żelazny budynek pochodzi z 1898 r.; nie jest drewnianą świątynią z czasu akcji wielkanocnej.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Antoloji · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Antoloji. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Antoloji. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. 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Egzarcha pełni funkcję kierowniczą. Eparchia jest okręgiem. 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