{"version":2,"locale":"pl","id":"story.georgi-ivanov-1979","hasFind":true,"slug":"georgi-ivanov-1979","url":"/pl/stories/georgi-ivanov-1979/","topic":"Georgi Iwanow","title":"Na orbitę, bez dokowania","summary":"Lot Georgiego Iwanowa, awaria w pobliżu Salut 6 i zachowana kapsuła powrotna.","cover":{"title":"Na orbitę, bez dokowania","subtitle":"Georgi Iwanow i „Sojuz 33”, kwiecień 1979 r.","hook":"Jak wrócili mimo awarii?","summary":"Lot Georgiego Iwanowa, awaria w pobliżu Salut 6 i zachowana kapsuła powrotna.","takeaway":"Osiągnięcie orbity, dokowanie i bezpieczny powrót to odrębne zadania. Bułgarski program naukowy trwa dalej z udziałem innych załóg."},"sortYear":1979,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.xx","styleId":"xx","sortOrder":0,"title":"XX wiek","dateLabel":"1901–2000","eraShort":"XX wiek","slug":"xx","fill":"#CFC9C4","ink":"#221616","raised":"#D6D1CD","dark":"#64615F"},"epochId":"epoch.xx","placeShort":"Bajkonur","date":"1979","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-480.e61f7ab3.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-960.e61f7ab3.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-1600.e61f7ab3.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#66584e","h":1781,"w":1618,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-960.e61f7ab3.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-960.e61f7ab3.webp","id":"asset.cosmos.capsule-cutout","alt":"Wycięty detal; tło usunięte. Kapsuła w kształcie dzwonu o ciemnej i brązowej powierzchni, z okrągłym iluminatorem i spadochronem po lewej.","objectCaption":"Kapsuła Sojuza 33","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Scroch · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Scroch / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Scroch / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Soyuz_33_descent_module.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"georgi-ivanov-1979.s1-two-seats","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Dwa miejsca, jedna stacja","body":"10 kwietnia 1979 r. z Bajkonuru startuje „Sojuz 33”. Na pokładzie są dowódca Nikołaj Rukawisznikow i kosmonauta badacz Georgi Iwanow, pierwszy Bułgar w kosmosie. Czeka ich wizyta na stacji orbitalnej „Salut 6”.\n\nLot jest częścią programu wspólnych badań kosmicznych „Interkosmos”. Kraje partnerskie przygotowują także własne przyrządy naukowe. Iwanow ma pracować na stacji, a nie tylko dotrzeć na orbitę. W muzealnej gablocie pokazano dziś jego skafander i ubranie robocze. Przypominają one o różnych zadaniach na pokładzie. Jednak praca Iwanowa na stacji nigdy się nie rozpoczyna. Co przerywa lot ku stacji?","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-suits-480.2672c925.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-suits-960.2672c925.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-suits-1600.2672c925.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#6f645e","h":1292,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-suits-960.2672c925.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-suits-960.2672c925.webp","id":"asset.cosmos.suits","alt":"Za szybą muzealną niebieski kombinezon roboczy po lewej i jasny skafander z hełmem po prawej.","objectCaption":"Za szybą muzealną niebieski kombinezon roboczy po lewej i jasny skafander z hełmem po prawej.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Scroch · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Scroch / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Scroch / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Soyuz_33_space_and_work_suits.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":41.033,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.georgi-ivanov-1979.georgi-ivanov-1979.s1-two-seats","duration":41.131,"src":"/audio/pl/georgi-ivanov-1979/s1-two-seats.a2e41aa9.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.cosmos.esa-patch"},{"id":"src.cosmos.miteva2019"},{"id":"src.cosmos.portree1995"},{"id":"src.cosmos.photo.suits"}]},{"id":"georgi-ivanov-1979.s2-two-points","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Od startu do muzeum","body":"Na mapie możemy wskazać dwa miejsca: kosmodrom Bajkonur w dzisiejszym Kazachstanie i Muzeum Lotnictwa w Krumowie koło Płowdiwu. Pierwsze jest początkiem lotu. W drugim przechowywany jest lądownik, którym obaj kosmonauci wrócili na Ziemię.\n\nTo nie jest mapa orbity. Punkt Bajkonuru wskazuje ogólny obszar, a nie dokładne miejsce startu. Zdjęcie przedstawia pobliskie miasto w 2004 r., a nie start z 1979 r. Między tymi dwoma miejscami rozegrał się krótki lot, który nie zakończył się planowanym dokowaniem. Następne zdjęcie pokazuje, jak przedstawiono wspólną misję.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-baikonur-480.85124298.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-baikonur-960.85124298.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-baikonur-1600.85124298.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#909094","h":1037,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-baikonur-960.85124298.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-baikonur-960.85124298.webp","id":"asset.cosmos.baikonur","alt":"Niska zabudowa miejska pośród suchego stepu, sfotografowana z samolotu w 2004 r. Zdjęcie nie przedstawia startu z 1979 r.","objectCaption":"Niska zabudowa miejska pośród suchego stepu, sfotografowana z samolotu w 2004 r. Zdjęcie nie przedstawia startu z 1979 r.","caption":"","kindLabel":"Zdjęcie","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Bill Ingalls · Public domain · NASA / Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Photo: Bill Ingalls / NASA, via Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Processed image. Archival photograph · 2004","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Bill Ingalls / NASA, via Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Processed image. Archival photograph · 2004","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Baikonuriss.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-USGov-NASA"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Z kosmodromu Bajkonur w 1979 roku wystartował Sojuz 33 z Georgim Iwanowem na pokładzie.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.cosmos.baikonur","name":"Kosmodrom Bajkonur — obszar ogólny","latitude":45.9648,"longitude":63.3051,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":40000,"sourceIds":["src.cosmos.baikonur-coordinates"],"short":"Bajkonur","guideUrl":null,"slug":"cosmos.baikonur","url":"/pl/map/#cosmos.baikonur"},{"note":"Muzeum Lotnictwa w Krumowie przechowuje kapsułę powrotną Sojuza 33 i przedmioty związane z lotem Georgiego Iwanowa.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.cosmos.aviation-museum","name":"Muzeum Lotnictwa, Krumowo","latitude":42.06625,"longitude":24.83983,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":150,"sourceIds":["src.cosmos.museum-coordinates","src.cosmos.museum"],"short":"Krumowo","guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/pl/place/#muzey-na-aviatsiyata","slug":"cosmos.aviation-museum","url":"/pl/map/#cosmos.aviation-museum"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/story-2c95ae2aef331ec8.jpg?v=26c1be4207","w":2048,"h":507,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/story-2c95ae2aef331ec8-dark.jpg?v=deb36acfe1","w":2048,"h":507,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[]},"places":[{"note":"Z kosmodromu Bajkonur w 1979 roku wystartował Sojuz 33 z Georgim Iwanowem na pokładzie.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.cosmos.baikonur","name":"Kosmodrom Bajkonur — obszar 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Płanina","kind":"nature","x":6.657,"y":67.487,"viewX":6.657,"viewY":67.487},{"name":"Riła","kind":"nature","x":3.846,"y":75.119,"viewX":3.846,"viewY":75.119},{"name":"Pirin","kind":"nature","x":3.576,"y":79.76,"viewX":3.576,"viewY":79.76},{"name":"Rodopy","kind":"nature","x":6.207,"y":81.584,"viewX":6.207,"viewY":81.584},{"name":"Strandża","kind":"nature","x":12.954,"y":76.098,"viewX":12.954000000000002,"viewY":76.098}],"crop":{"sx":1,"sy":1,"x":0,"y":0},"credit":{"id":"map-relief"}},"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":38.46720833333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.georgi-ivanov-1979.georgi-ivanov-1979.s2-two-points","duration":38.571,"src":"/audio/pl/georgi-ivanov-1979/s2-two-points.a15c971c.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.cosmos.miteva2019"},{"id":"src.cosmos.museum"},{"id":"src.cosmos.museum-coordinates"},{"id":"src.cosmos.baikonur-coordinates"},{"id":"src.cosmos.photo.baikonur"}]},{"id":"georgi-ivanov-1979.s3-joint-emblem","number":3,"kind":"artifact","title":"Dwie flagi na jednym emblemacie","body":"Spójrz na emblemat. U góry widnieją flaga radziecka i ówczesna flaga bułgarska. Pod nimi znajduje się napis „СССР–НРБ”, a niżej znak „Interkosmos”. To graficzne przedstawienie emblematu misji, a nie fotografia naszywki, która poleciała w kosmos.\n\nWedług Europejskiej Agencji Kosmicznej emblemat zaprojektowała i wykonała firma „Zwiezda”. Odczytanie go jako znaku współpracy jest interpretacją widocznego układu. Sam emblemat nie dowodzi, że wizyta się odbyła. Aby to ustalić, trzeba prześledzić, co stało się podczas zbliżania do stacji. Emblemat pokazuje sposób przedstawienia misji; relacje z lotu opisują to, co rzeczywiście się wydarzyło.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-mission-patch-480.84a44923.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-mission-patch-960.84a44923.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-mission-patch-1395.84a44923.avif","w":1395}],"dominant":"#c18b4b","h":1983,"w":1395,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-mission-patch-960.84a44923.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-mission-patch-960.84a44923.webp","id":"asset.cosmos.mission-patch","alt":"Emblemat w kształcie tarczy z dwiema flagami, napisem „СССР–НРБ” i znakiem Interkosmos.","objectCaption":"Emblemat w kształcie tarczy z dwiema flagami, napisem „СССР–НРБ” i znakiem Interkosmos.","caption":"","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Soviet space program · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Source: Soviet space program / Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Source: Soviet space program / Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Soyuz-33_patch.png","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-RU-exempt"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h.cosmos.flags","x":0.5,"y":0.14,"title":"Dwie flagi","body":"Po lewej jest flaga radziecka, po prawej ówczesna flaga bułgarska.","sourceIds":["src.cosmos.photo.mission-patch"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h.cosmos.countries","x":0.5,"y":0.32,"title":"СССР–НРБ","body":"Napis wymienia Związek Radziecki i Ludową Republikę Bułgarii.","sourceIds":["src.cosmos.photo.mission-patch"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h.cosmos.programme","x":0.5,"y":0.69,"title":"Interkosmos","body":"Na emblemacie widnieje nazwa wspólnego programu.","sourceIds":["src.cosmos.photo.mission-patch","src.cosmos.esa-patch"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":44.2025,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.georgi-ivanov-1979.georgi-ivanov-1979.s3-joint-emblem","duration":44.331,"src":"/audio/pl/georgi-ivanov-1979/s3-joint-emblem.08bac408.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.cosmos.esa-patch"},{"id":"src.cosmos.photo.mission-patch"}]},{"id":"georgi-ivanov-1979.s4-three-seconds","number":4,"kind":"narrative","title":"Trzy sekundy zamiast sześciu","body":"Podczas zbliżania główny silnik ma pracować przez 6 sekund. Wyłącza się po 3. Ze stacji zgłoszono płomień skierowany w bok, ku silnikowi rezerwowemu. Wyłącza się również „Igła”, system dokowania.\n\nPortree opisuje uruchomienie silnika w odległości mniejszej niż 4 kilometry od stacji, a Mitewa podaje 3–3,5 kilometra. Opisy te nie muszą sobie przeczyć i nie ustalają dokładnej odległości w chwili awarii. Wiadomo, że dokowanie odwołano. Teraz silnik jest potrzebny do powrotu. Silnik rezerwowy uruchamia się, by wykonać manewr hamowania, ale nie wyłącza się w planowanej chwili. Rukawisznikow wyłącza go ręcznie. Według Portreego następuje strome, balistyczne wejście w atmosferę.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-station-model-480.79631ddf.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-station-model-960.79631ddf.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-station-model-1600.79631ddf.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#634519","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-station-model-960.79631ddf.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-station-model-960.79631ddf.webp","id":"asset.cosmos.station-model","alt":"Złocisty, cylindryczny model stacji kosmicznej w muzealnej gablocie.","objectCaption":"Złocisty, cylindryczny model stacji kosmicznej w muzealnej gablocie.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"4throck · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Photo: 4throck / Wikimedia Commons, CC0. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"4throck / Wikimedia Commons, CC0. 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Według Portreego podczas balistycznego powrotu działają na nich przeciążenia sięgające dziesięciokrotności przyspieszenia ziemskiego. Powrót odbywa się po stromej trajektorii balistycznej.\n\nFotografia pokazuje zachowaną kapsułę powrotną. Okrągły iluminator i ciasne wnętrze dają wyobrażenie o przestrzeni, w której wracała załoga. Muzeum potwierdza pochodzenie aparatu. Nie ma tu jednak uszkodzonego głównego silnika: przedział serwisowy został odrzucony po manewrze hamowania. Dlatego po locie nie można było zbadać samego silnika. 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Moduł serwisowy z uszkodzonym silnikiem nie zachował się tutaj.","sourceIds":["src.cosmos.portree1995","src.cosmos.photo.capsule"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":41.033,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.georgi-ivanov-1979.georgi-ivanov-1979.s5-returning-object","duration":41.131,"src":"/audio/pl/georgi-ivanov-1979/s5-returning-object.21e0c65e.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.cosmos.portree1995"},{"id":"src.cosmos.museum"},{"id":"src.cosmos.photo.capsule"}]},{"id":"georgi-ivanov-1979.a2-flight-order","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Zadanie: uporządkuj przebieg lotu","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.cosmos.flight-order","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Ułóż wydarzenia od najwcześniejszego do najpóźniejszego.","sourceIds":["src.cosmos.portree1995"],"items":[{"id":"ev-launch","label":"Start z Bajkonuru"},{"id":"ev-failure","label":"Awaria głównego silnika"},{"id":"ev-backup","label":"Uruchomienie silnika zapasowego"},{"id":"ev-return","label":"Powrót po trajektorii balistycznej i lądowanie"}],"explanation":"Start poprzedza zbliżanie do stacji. 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Pierwszy Bułgar w kosmosie wraca bez wizyty na stacji; prace z przyrządami kontynuują inni ludzie na pokładzie.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-interkosmos-480.d9b5f732.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-interkosmos-960.d9b5f732.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-interkosmos-1600.d9b5f732.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#706559","h":1196,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-interkosmos-960.d9b5f732.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-interkosmos-960.d9b5f732.webp","id":"asset.cosmos.interkosmos","alt":"Okrągły żółto-niebiesko-czerwony emblemat z napisem „Интеркосмос” na rękawie.","objectCaption":"Okrągły żółto-niebiesko-czerwony emblemat z napisem „Интеркосмос” na rękawie.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Scroch · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Scroch / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. 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