{"version":2,"locale":"pl","id":"story.independence-1908","hasFind":true,"slug":"independence-1908","url":"/pl/stories/independence-1908/","topic":"Niepodległość Bułgarii 1908","title":"Jak Ferdynand został carem","summary":"Traktat pozostawia Bułgarię zależną od sułtana. Strajk, manifest i negocjacje zmieniają jej położenie.","cover":{"title":"Jak Ferdynand został carem","subtitle":"Niepodległość ogłoszona w 1908 r.","hook":"Dlaczego książę ogłasza niepodległość?","summary":"Traktat pozostawia Bułgarię zależną od sułtana. Strajk, manifest i negocjacje zmieniają jej położenie.","takeaway":"Po ogłoszeniu niepodległości w 1908 r. następuje jej międzynarodowe uznanie w 1909 r."},"sortYear":1908,"firstActivity":3,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.xx","styleId":"xx","sortOrder":0,"title":"XX wiek","dateLabel":"1901–2000","eraShort":"XX wiek","slug":"xx","fill":"#CFC9C4","ink":"#221616","raised":"#D6D1CD","dark":"#64615F"},"epochId":"epoch.xx","placeShort":"Tyrnowo","date":"1908–1909","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ind-cross-back-cutout-480.acaef7d7.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ind-cross-back-cutout-960.acaef7d7.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ind-cross-back-cutout-1211.acaef7d7.avif","w":1211}],"dominant":"#ad8067","h":2316,"w":1211,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ind-cross-back-cutout-960.acaef7d7.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ind-cross-back-cutout-960.acaef7d7.webp","id":"asset.ind.cross-back-cutout","alt":"Wycięty detal; tło usunięte. Krzyż ze wstążką i wspiętym lwem pośrodku.","objectCaption":"Krzyż pamiątkowy","caption":"Druga strona krzyża pamiątkowego niepodległości. Commons opisuje go jako odznaczenie z 1909 r. Źródła do opowieści nie ustalają daty wykonania tego egzemplarza. Zdjęcie z 2010 r. w Regionalnym Muzeum Historycznym we Wracy.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Photo: Vassia Atanassova – Spiritia, Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Vassia Atanassova – Spiritia, Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgarian_Commemorative_Cross_of_the_Independence_of_Bulgaria_1909_back.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Public_domain"},"scenes":[{"id":"independence-1908.s1-prince","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Książę, parlament i danina","body":"Bułgaria ma księcia, parlament i armię. Parlament jest zgromadzeniem przedstawicieli, które uczestniczy w uchwalaniu praw. Książę jest głową państwa. Dlaczego więc w 1908 r. trzeba ogłosić niepodległość?\n\nW 1878 r. traktat berliński określa Bułgarię jako autonomiczne księstwo. „Autonomiczne” znaczy, że zarządza ono swoimi sprawami wewnętrznymi. Nadal jednak podlega władzy osmańskiego sułtana, władcy Imperium Osmańskiego. Na mocy traktatu księstwo jest mu winne daninę. W 1908 r. ta zależność wciąż nie została zniesiona.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ind-proclamation-group-480.171287ab.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ind-proclamation-group-960.171287ab.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ind-proclamation-group-1280.171287ab.avif","w":1280}],"dominant":"#666666","h":715,"w":1280,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ind-proclamation-group-960.171287ab.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ind-proclamation-group-960.171287ab.webp","id":"asset.ind.proclamation-group","alt":"Grupa mężczyzn w mundurach wojskowych i strojach oficjalnych na wolnym powietrzu.","objectCaption":"Archiwalna fotografia z Tyrnowa, 1908 r. Nie przedstawia odczytania manifestu wewnątrz cerkwi.","caption":"Archiwalna fotografia z Tyrnowa, 1908 r. Nie przedstawia odczytania manifestu wewnątrz cerkwi.","kindLabel":"Archiwum","kind":"archive","visibleKind":"Archiwum","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Fotograf nieustalony · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"The photographer is not established. Source: Wikimedia Commons, credit БИА (Bulgarian Historical Archive). Commons states Public domain. Processed image. Archival photograph","attributionParts":[{"text":"The photographer is not established. Source: Wikimedia Commons, credit БИА (Bulgarian Historical Archive). Commons states Public domain. Processed image. Archival photograph","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ferdinannd_at_Tzarevetz_1908.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Public_domain"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":37.538375,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.independence-1908.independence-1908.s1-prince","duration":37.632,"src":"/audio/pl/independence-1908/s1-prince.a5f7827e.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.ind.berlin"},{"id":"src.ind.constitution"},{"id":"src.ind.military"}]},{"id":"independence-1908.s2-two-places","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Dwie części się jednoczą","body":"Na południe od Starej Płaniny traktat wydziela Rumelię Wschodnią. To obszar z własną administracją lokalną, lecz pod bezpośrednią władzą sułtana. W 1885 r. łączy się z Księstwem Bułgarii. Obie części są odtąd zarządzane wspólnie. Jednak na mocy traktatu Bułgaria nadal pozostaje pod zwierzchnią władzą sułtana.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ind-church-2016-480.b295a053.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ind-church-2016-960.b295a053.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ind-church-2016-1600.b295a053.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#6d6351","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ind-church-2016-960.b295a053.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ind-church-2016-960.b295a053.webp","id":"asset.ind.church-2016","alt":"Wnętrze cerkwi Świętych Czterdziestu Męczenników z kamiennymi kolumnami.","objectCaption":"Wnętrze w 2016 r., po odnowieniu cerkwi w 2006 r. Fotografia nie odtwarza dokładnie wyglądu wnętrza z 1908 r.","caption":"Wnętrze w 2016 r., po odnowieniu cerkwi w 2006 r. Fotografia nie odtwarza dokładnie wyglądu wnętrza z 1908 r.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Powerfox · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Powerfox, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Powerfox, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. 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czego jeszcze brakuje","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.ind.status","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Co nadal ogranicza Bułgarię po zjednoczeniu w 1885 r.?","sourceIds":["src.ind.berlin","src.ind.gov-history"],"items":[{"id":"opt-dependence","label":"Zwierzchnia władza sułtana"},{"id":"opt-assembly","label":"Istnienie parlamentu","whyWrong":"Parlament uczestniczy we własnych rządach, a nie we władzy sułtana."},{"id":"opt-army","label":"Istnienie bułgarskiej armii","whyWrong":"Własna armia nie oznacza zależności od sułtana. Istnieje także przed uzyskaniem niepodległości."}],"explanation":"Obie części są zarządzane wspólnie, ale wynikająca z traktatu władza sułtana trwa do ogłoszenia niepodległości.","correctItemId":"opt-dependence","sources":[{"id":"src.ind.berlin"},{"id":"src.ind.gov-history"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":5.309083333333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.independence-1908.independence-1908.a1-status","duration":5.419,"src":"/audio/pl/independence-1908/a1-status.02ae4fb0.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.ind.berlin"},{"id":"src.ind.gov-history"}]},{"id":"independence-1908.s3-railways","number":4,"kind":"narrative","title":"Kto zarządza koleją?","body":"We wrześniu 1908 r. strajk przerywa pracę pracowników Kolei Wschodnich. Część linii znajduje się w Bułgarii. Traktat zachowuje jednak osmańskie prawa do nich. Państwo bułgarskie przejmuje zarządzanie liniami i wysyła kolejarzy oraz żołnierzy. Spór kolejowy można rozumieć także jako spór o władzę państwową.\n\nAleksandyr Malinow, szef rządu, nalega na działanie. Rząd postanawia ogłosić niepodległość.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ind-proclamation-group-480.171287ab.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ind-proclamation-group-960.171287ab.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ind-proclamation-group-1280.171287ab.avif","w":1280}],"dominant":"#666666","h":715,"w":1280,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ind-proclamation-group-960.171287ab.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ind-proclamation-group-960.171287ab.webp","id":"asset.ind.proclamation-group","alt":"Grupa mężczyzn w mundurach wojskowych i strojach oficjalnych na wolnym powietrzu.","objectCaption":"Archiwalna fotografia z Tyrnowa, 1908 r. Nie przedstawia odczytania manifestu wewnątrz cerkwi.","caption":"Archiwalna fotografia z Tyrnowa, 1908 r. Nie przedstawia odczytania manifestu wewnątrz cerkwi.","kindLabel":"Archiwum","kind":"archive","visibleKind":"Archiwum","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Fotograf nieustalony · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"The photographer is not established. Source: Wikimedia Commons, credit БИА (Bulgarian Historical Archive). Commons states Public domain. Processed image. Archival photograph","attributionParts":[{"text":"The photographer is not established. Source: Wikimedia Commons, credit БИА (Bulgarian Historical Archive). Commons states Public domain. Processed image. Archival photograph","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ferdinannd_at_Tzarevetz_1908.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Public_domain"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":26.497291666666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.independence-1908.independence-1908.s3-railways","duration":26.624,"src":"/audio/pl/independence-1908/s3-railways.00edd4ac.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.ind.military"},{"id":"src.ind.bas2018"},{"id":"src.ind.berlin"}]},{"id":"independence-1908.s4-manifesto","number":5,"kind":"artifact","title":"Ferdynand odczytuje manifest","body":"22 września 1908 r. według ówczesnego kalendarza bułgarskiego Ferdynand odczytuje manifest. Dzieje się to w cerkwi Świętych Czterdziestu Męczenników w Tyrnowie. Manifest to publiczne orędzie, które ogłasza ważną decyzję. Bułgaria zostaje ogłoszona niepodległym carstwem. Ferdynand przyjmuje tytuł cara, czyli władcy carstwa.\n\nNastępnie Malinow odczytuje go ludziom na wzgórzu Carewec.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ind-manifesto-480.103c4028.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ind-manifesto-960.103c4028.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ind-manifesto-1234.103c4028.avif","w":1234}],"dominant":"#dbd5bc","h":1959,"w":1234,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ind-manifesto-960.103c4028.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ind-manifesto-960.103c4028.webp","id":"asset.ind.manifesto","alt":"Drukowany arkusz z nagłówkiem „Manifest”, tekstem decyzji i nazwiskami ministrów.","objectCaption":"To drukowany arkusz. Źródła do opowieści nie pozwalają ustalić, czy Ferdynand czytał właśnie z niego.","caption":"To drukowany arkusz. 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