{"version":2,"locale":"pl","id":"story.kaloyan-1205","hasFind":true,"slug":"kaloyan-1205","url":"/pl/stories/kaloyan-1205/","topic":"Kałojan","title":"Kałojan i pojmany cesarz","summary":"Kałojan otrzymuje koronę od papieskiego wysłannika. Kilka miesięcy później jego wojsko pojmuje Baldwina pod Adrianopolem. Listy i relacja przeciwnika pokazują, jak uznanie szło w parze z wojną.","cover":{"title":"Kałojan i pojmany cesarz","subtitle":"Listy do papieża, korona i bitwa z 1205 roku","hook":"Jak Baldwin dostał się do niewoli?","summary":"Kałojan otrzymuje koronę od papieskiego wysłannika. Kilka miesięcy później jego wojsko pojmuje Baldwina pod Adrianopolem. Listy i relacja przeciwnika pokazują, jak uznanie szło w parze z wojną.","takeaway":"Papieska korona nie zapewnia pokoju. Pod Adrianopolem pościg za Kumanami kończy się klęską i pojmaniem Baldwina."},"sortYear":1205,"firstActivity":4,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.tsardom2","styleId":"tsardom2","sortOrder":3,"title":"Drugie Carstwo Bułgarskie","dateLabel":"1185–1396","eraShort":"Drugie carstwo","slug":"tsardom2","fill":"#86554A","ink":"#F6EEEA","raised":"#754A41","dark":"#805B59"},"epochId":"epoch.tsardom2","placeShort":"Adrianopol","date":"1204–1205","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-bulla-dublin-cutout-480.9d7b1104.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-bulla-dublin-cutout-960.9d7b1104.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-bulla-dublin-cutout-1282.9d7b1104.avif","w":1282}],"dominant":"#473b32","h":1385,"w":1282,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-bulla-dublin-cutout-960.9d7b1104.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-bulla-dublin-cutout-960.9d7b1104.webp","id":"asset.kal.innocent-bulla-dublin-cutout","alt":"Wycięty detal; tło usunięte. Pieczęć papieska w Narodowym Muzeum Irlandii. Według tytułu zdjęcia należy do Innocentego III i znaleziono ją w Dublinie. Widać Pawła i Piotra.","objectCaption":"Bulla papieska","caption":"Według tytułu zdjęcia należy do Innocentego III i znaleziono ją w Dublinie. Widać Pawła i Piotra.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Sailko · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 3.0","attribution":"Sailko / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0. The photograph’s title attributes it to Innocent III and says it was found in Dublin. Paul and Peter are visible. Unmodified. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Sailko / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0. The photograph’s title attributes it to Innocent III and says it was found in Dublin. Paul and Peter are visible. Unmodified. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sigillo_di_papa_innocenzo_III,_da_high_street,_dublino,_1198-1216_ca.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"kaloyan-1205.s1-emperor","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Cesarz nie wraca","body":"W kwietniu 1205 roku cesarz Baldwin I dostaje się do niewoli pod Adrianopolem. Zwycięzcą jest car Bułgarii Kałojan. Rok wcześniej wojsko Baldwina zdobyło Konstantynopol, stolicę Bizancjum, czyli cesarstwa wschodniorzymskiego. Następnie wybrano go na cesarza. Państwo zdobywców znane jest jako cesarstwo łacińskie.\n\nZdobywcy są krzyżowcami: wojownikami uczestniczącymi w wyprawie ogłoszonej w imię wiary chrześcijańskiej. Tutaj jednak zaatakowali inne chrześcijańskie miasto. Teraz tracą władcę w bitwie z innym chrześcijańskim władcą.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-constantinople-miniature-480.fb49281d.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-constantinople-miniature-960.fb49281d.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-constantinople-miniature-1600.fb49281d.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#7d847e","h":996,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-constantinople-miniature-960.fb49281d.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kal-constantinople-miniature-960.fb49281d.webp","id":"asset.kal.constantinople-miniature","alt":"Zdobycie Konstantynopola na późniejszej miniaturze. Przedstawienie artystyczne z XV wieku przypisywane Loyset Liédet, BnF Arsenal Ms 5090, karta 205r. Nie jest to obraz naocznego świadka z 1204 roku.","objectCaption":"Przedstawienie artystyczne z XV wieku przypisywane Loyset Liédet, BnF Arsenal Ms 5090, karta 205r. Nie jest to obraz naocznego świadka z 1204 roku.","caption":"Przedstawienie artystyczne z XV wieku przypisywane Loyset Liédet, BnF Arsenal Ms 5090, karta 205r. Nie jest to obraz naocznego świadka z 1204 roku.","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Loyset Liédet; reprodukcja przez Wikimedia Commons · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Loyset Liédet; reproduction via Wikimedia Commons / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. An artistic depiction from the fifteenth century attributed to Loyset Liédet, BnF Arsenal Ms 5090, folio 205r. Not an eyewitness image from 1204. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Loyset Liédet; reproduction via Wikimedia Commons / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. An artistic depiction from the fifteenth century attributed to Loyset Liédet, BnF Arsenal Ms 5090, folio 205r. Not an eyewitness image from 1204. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ConquestOfConstantinopleByTheCrusadersIn1204.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-constantinople-walls-480.d73a5fbc.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-constantinople-walls-960.d73a5fbc.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-constantinople-walls-1600.d73a5fbc.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#a0a499","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-constantinople-walls-960.d73a5fbc.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kal-constantinople-walls-960.d73a5fbc.webp","id":"asset.kal.constantinople-walls","alt":"Mury lądowe Konstantynopola. Współczesne zdjęcie w Stambule, ukazujące zachowane i odrestaurowane mury. Nie wskazuje miejsca przełamania obrony w 1204 roku.","objectCaption":"Współczesne zdjęcie w Stambule, ukazujące zachowane i odrestaurowane mury. Nie wskazuje miejsca przełamania obrony w 1204 roku.","caption":"Współczesne zdjęcie w Stambule, ukazujące zachowane i odrestaurowane mury. Nie wskazuje miejsca przełamania obrony w 1204 roku.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Johann H. Addicks (-jha-) · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Johann H. Addicks (-jha-) / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. A present-day photograph in Istanbul with surviving and restored masonry. It does not identify the point of entry in 1204. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Johann H. Addicks (-jha-) / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. A present-day photograph in Istanbul with surviving and restored masonry. It does not identify the point of entry in 1204. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Theodosianische_Landmauer_in_Istanbul.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":35.425375,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.kaloyan-1205.kaloyan-1205.s1-emperor","duration":35.541,"src":"/audio/pl/kaloyan-1205/s1-emperor.c9467acd.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.kal.nikolov2021"},{"id":"src.kal.curta2006"},{"id":"src.kal.villehardouin"},{"id":"src.kal.commons.constantinople-miniature"},{"id":"src.kal.commons.constantinople-walls"}]},{"id":"kaloyan-1205.s2-crown","number":2,"kind":"narrative","title":"Leon koronuje Kałojana","body":"Kałojan chce, by inni władcy uznali jego władzę. Pisze do Innocentego III, papieża stojącego na czele Kościoła rzymskiego. Negocjacje prowadzą do unii: Kościół bułgarski uznaje zwierzchnictwo papieża. Z Rzymu przychodzi uznanie dla władcy.\n\n8 listopada 1204 roku w Tyrnowie Leon wkłada koronę na głowę Kałojana. Leon jest kardynałem, wysokim duchownym i wysłannikiem papieża. Daje mu również berło, laskę będącą znakiem władzy. Papież przesyła też chorągiew z krzyżem i kluczami.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-fresco-480.e4f98e1b.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-fresco-960.e4f98e1b.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-fresco-1295.e4f98e1b.avif","w":1295}],"dominant":"#84756a","h":1600,"w":1295,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-fresco-960.e4f98e1b.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-fresco-960.e4f98e1b.webp","id":"asset.kal.innocent-fresco","alt":"Innocenty III na XIII-wiecznym fresku w Subiaco. Wizerunek artystyczny powstały po czasach Kałojana. Autor fresku jest nieznany; Carlo Raso wykonał zdjęcie.","objectCaption":"Wizerunek artystyczny powstały po czasach Kałojana. Autor fresku jest nieznany; Carlo Raso wykonał zdjęcie.","caption":"Wizerunek artystyczny powstały po czasach Kałojana. Autor fresku jest nieznany; Carlo Raso wykonał zdjęcie.","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Carlo Raso; średniowieczny malarz nieznany · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Carlo Raso; medieval painter unknown / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. An artistic likeness made after Kaloyan’s time. The painter is Unknown; Carlo Raso is the photographer. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Carlo Raso; medieval painter unknown / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. An artistic likeness made after Kaloyan’s time. The painter is Unknown; Carlo Raso is the photographer. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pope_Innocent_III_(Monastery_of_Subiaco).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-tsarevets-panorama-480.3ac86492.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-tsarevets-panorama-960.3ac86492.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-tsarevets-panorama-1600.3ac86492.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#929e97","h":456,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-tsarevets-panorama-960.3ac86492.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kal-tsarevets-panorama-960.3ac86492.webp","id":"asset.kal.tsarevets-panorama","alt":"Carewec: pozostałości i rekonstrukcje. Współczesny widok ogólny na ufortyfikowane wzgórze w Tyrnowie. Odbudowane budynki nie są nienaruszoną średniowieczną stolicą.","objectCaption":"Współczesny widok ogólny na ufortyfikowane wzgórze w Tyrnowie. Odbudowane budynki nie są nienaruszoną średniowieczną stolicą.","caption":"Współczesny widok ogólny na ufortyfikowane wzgórze w Tyrnowie. Odbudowane budynki nie są nienaruszoną średniowieczną stolicą.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"www.vacacionesbulgaria.com (Infobgv) · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"www.vacacionesbulgaria.com (Infobgv) / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. A present-day overview of the fortified hill at Tarnovo. The reconstructed buildings are not an intact medieval capital. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"www.vacacionesbulgaria.com (Infobgv) / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. A present-day overview of the fortified hill at Tarnovo. The reconstructed buildings are not an intact medieval capital. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tsarevets-Panorama.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":34.67070833333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.kaloyan-1205.kaloyan-1205.s2-crown","duration":34.773,"src":"/audio/pl/kaloyan-1205/s2-crown.7dc3038f.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.kal.letters"},{"id":"src.kal.dallaglio2019"},{"id":"src.kal.nikolov2021"},{"id":"src.kal.commons.innocent-fresco"},{"id":"src.kal.commons.tsarevets-panorama"}]},{"id":"kaloyan-1205.s3-seal","number":3,"kind":"artifact","title":"Pieczęć papieża","body":"Jak odbiorca rozpoznawał dokument od papieża? Jednym ze znaków była metalowa pieczęć. Fotografia pokazuje obie strony ołowianej pieczęci Innocentego III. Po lewej jest jego imię. Po prawej widać starte twarze dwóch apostołów, wczesnych wyznawców Jezusa. Takie pieczęcie uwierzytelniały dokumenty papieskie.\n\nTen przedmiot znaleziono w Anglii. Nie wiadomo, by był dołączony do listu do Kałojana. Według opisu fotografa druga pieczęć pochodzi z Dublina. Ich podobieństwo pomaga rozpoznać rodzaj przedmiotu.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-bulla-york-480.1be5401d.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-bulla-york-960.1be5401d.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-bulla-york-1600.1be5401d.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-bulla-york-2400.1be5401d.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#aba49d","h":1372,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-bulla-york-960.1be5401d.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-bulla-york-960.1be5401d.webp","id":"asset.kal.innocent-bulla-york","alt":"Ołowiana pieczęć Innocentego III: obie strony. Znalezisko z Anglii. Nie jest to pieczęć z potwierdzonego listu do Kałojana.","objectCaption":"Znalezisko z Anglii. Nie jest to pieczęć z potwierdzonego listu do Kałojana.","caption":"Znalezisko z Anglii. Nie jest to pieczęć z potwierdzonego listu do Kałojana.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Rebecca Griffiths / York Museums Trust · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Rebecca Griffiths / York Museums Trust / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. An English find. This is not a seal from a documented letter to Kaloyan. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Rebecca Griffiths / York Museums Trust / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. An English find. This is not a seal from a documented letter to Kaloyan. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Medieval_,_Papal_bulla_of_Pope_Innocent_III_(FindID_891636).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-bulla-dublin-480.9453827c.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-bulla-dublin-960.9453827c.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-bulla-dublin-1590.9453827c.avif","w":1590}],"dominant":"#6e645c","h":1626,"w":1590,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-bulla-dublin-960.9453827c.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-bulla-dublin-960.9453827c.webp","id":"asset.kal.innocent-bulla-dublin","alt":"Pieczęć papieska w Narodowym Muzeum Irlandii. Według tytułu zdjęcia należy do Innocentego III i znaleziono ją w Dublinie. Widać Pawła i Piotra.","objectCaption":"Bulla papieska","caption":"Według tytułu zdjęcia należy do Innocentego III i znaleziono ją w Dublinie. Widać Pawła i Piotra.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Sailko · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 3.0","attribution":"Sailko / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0. The photograph’s title attributes it to Innocent III and says it was found in Dublin. Paul and Peter are visible. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Sailko / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0. The photograph’s title attributes it to Innocent III and says it was found in Dublin. Paul and Peter are visible. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sigillo_di_papa_innocenzo_III,_da_high_street,_dublino,_1198-1216_ca.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-bulla-name","x":0.27,"y":0.43,"title":"Imię papieża","body":"Po lewej stronie widnieje imię Innocentego i liczba trzy. Katalog odczytuje napis jako INNOCENTIVS PP III.","sourceIds":["src.kal.commons.innocent-bulla-york"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-bulla-saints","x":0.73,"y":0.43,"title":"Dwaj apostołowie","body":"Po prawej stronie widoczne są mocno starte twarze apostołów Pawła i Piotra. Apostołowie byli wczesnymi wyznawcami Jezusa. Ich wizerunki pomagają rozpoznać papieską pieczęć.","sourceIds":["src.kal.commons.innocent-bulla-york"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-bulla-hole","x":0.598,"y":0.39,"title":"Przebity metal","body":"Ten sam otwór widać z obu stron. Katalog go odnotowuje, ale nie ustala, kiedy i dlaczego powstał. Nie uznajemy go za dowód sposobu przymocowania konkretnego listu.","sourceIds":["src.kal.commons.innocent-bulla-york"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":32.40679166666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.kaloyan-1205.kaloyan-1205.s3-seal","duration":32.512,"src":"/audio/pl/kaloyan-1205/s3-seal.f99bef51.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.kal.commons.innocent-bulla-york"},{"id":"src.kal.commons.innocent-bulla-dublin"},{"id":"src.kal.letters"}]},{"id":"kaloyan-1205.a1-union","number":4,"kind":"activity","title":"Zadanie: co oznacza unia","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.kal.union","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Co Kościół bułgarski przyjmuje przez unię w tej opowieści?","sourceIds":["src.kal.letters","src.kal.nikolov2021"],"items":[{"id":"opt-pope","label":"Zwierzchnictwo papieża."},{"id":"opt-baldwin","label":"Baldwina jako władcę Bułgarii.","whyWrong":"Papieski wysłannik koronuje Kałojana. Baldwin włada cesarstwem łacińskim."},{"id":"opt-peace","label":"Traktat pokojowy kończący wojnę.","whyWrong":"Po koronacji następuje bitwa pod Adrianopolem."}],"explanation":"Unia jest porozumieniem kościelnym, które uznaje władzę papieża. Przynosi Kałojanowi uznanie, ale nie gwarantuje pokoju.","correctItemId":"opt-pope","sources":[{"id":"src.kal.letters"},{"id":"src.kal.nikolov2021"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":4.124875,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.kaloyan-1205.kaloyan-1205.a1-union","duration":4.224,"src":"/audio/pl/kaloyan-1205/a1-union.bdf84023.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.kal.letters"},{"id":"src.kal.nikolov2021"}]},{"id":"kaloyan-1205.s4-siege","number":5,"kind":"map","title":"Chorągwie nad oblężonym miastem","body":"Spójrz na Adrianopol między Tyrnowem a Konstantynopolem. Wiosną 1205 roku greccy mieszkańcy Tracji występują przeciw łacińskim zdobywcom. Niektórzy szukają pomocy u Kałojana. Opowiada o tym jeden z łacińskich dowódców.\n\nBaldwin oblega Adrianopol. Według kronikarza, autora tej relacji, na murach powiewają już chorągwie Kałojana. W obozie oblegających brakuje żywności. Kałojan przychodzi miastu z pomocą.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-adrianople-walls-480.82ddfe08.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-adrianople-walls-960.82ddfe08.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-adrianople-walls-1600.82ddfe08.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#52564e","h":1065,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-adrianople-walls-960.82ddfe08.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kal-adrianople-walls-960.82ddfe08.webp","id":"asset.kal.adrianople-walls","alt":"Pozostałości fortyfikacji Adrianopola. Współczesne zdjęcie murów i podstawy Wieży Macedońskiej w Adrianopolu, dzisiejszym Edirne. Nie przypisano tu poszczególnych murów do oblężenia z 1205 roku.","objectCaption":"Współczesne zdjęcie murów i podstawy Wieży Macedońskiej w Adrianopolu, dzisiejszym Edirne. Nie przypisano tu poszczególnych murów do oblężenia z 1205 roku.","caption":"Współczesne zdjęcie murów i podstawy Wieży Macedońskiej w Adrianopolu, dzisiejszym Edirne. Nie przypisano tu poszczególnych murów do oblężenia z 1205 roku.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Dosseman · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Dosseman / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. A present-day photograph of walls and the base of the Macedonian Tower at Adrianople, now Edirne. Individual masonry phases are not assigned here to the siege of 1205. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Dosseman / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. A present-day photograph of walls and the base of the Macedonian Tower at Adrianople, now Edirne. Individual masonry phases are not assigned here to the siege of 1205. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edirne_Roman_Walls_and_Macedonian_Tower_0210.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Tyrnowo było średniowieczną stolicą związaną z carem Iwanem Aleksandrem. 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Tradycja łączy ją z Baldwinem; zdjęcie nie dowodzi, że był tu więziony.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Андрей Романенко · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Андрей Романенко / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. A present-day photograph of a reconstructed tower at Tsarevets. Tradition links it to Baldwin; the photograph does not prove the location of his prison. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Андрей Романенко / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. A present-day photograph of a reconstructed tower at Tsarevets. Tradition links it to Baldwin; the photograph does not prove the location of his prison. Unmodified. 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Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ConquestOfConstantinopleByTheCrusadersIn1204.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"}},{"id":"asset.kal.constantinople-walls","src":"/media/asset-kal-constantinople-walls-960.d73a5fbc.webp","alt":"Mury lądowe Konstantynopola. Współczesne zdjęcie w Stambule, ukazujące zachowane i odrestaurowane mury. Nie wskazuje miejsca przełamania obrony w 1204 roku.","w":1600,"h":1200,"caption":"Współczesne zdjęcie w Stambule, ukazujące zachowane i odrestaurowane mury. Nie wskazuje miejsca przełamania obrony w 1204 roku.","credit":"Johann H. Addicks (-jha-) · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Johann H. Addicks (-jha-) / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. A present-day photograph in Istanbul with surviving and restored masonry. 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Nie jest to pieczęć z potwierdzonego listu do Kałojana.","credit":"Rebecca Griffiths / York Museums Trust · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Rebecca Griffiths / York Museums Trust / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. An English find. This is not a seal from a documented letter to Kaloyan. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Rebecca Griffiths / York Museums Trust / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. An English find. This is not a seal from a documented letter to Kaloyan. Unmodified. 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Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Sailko / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0. The photograph’s title attributes it to Innocent III and says it was found in Dublin. Paul and Peter are visible. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sigillo_di_papa_innocenzo_III,_da_high_street,_dublino,_1198-1216_ca.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"}},{"id":"asset.kal.adrianople-walls","src":"/media/asset-kal-adrianople-walls-960.82ddfe08.webp","alt":"Pozostałości fortyfikacji Adrianopola. Współczesne zdjęcie murów i podstawy Wieży Macedońskiej w Adrianopolu, dzisiejszym Edirne. Nie przypisano tu poszczególnych murów do oblężenia z 1205 roku.","w":1600,"h":1065,"caption":"Współczesne zdjęcie murów i podstawy Wieży Macedońskiej w Adrianopolu, dzisiejszym Edirne. Nie przypisano tu poszczególnych murów do oblężenia z 1205 roku.","credit":"Dosseman · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Dosseman / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. A present-day photograph of walls and the base of the Macedonian Tower at Adrianople, now Edirne. Individual masonry phases are not assigned here to the siege of 1205. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Dosseman / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. A present-day photograph of walls and the base of the Macedonian Tower at Adrianople, now Edirne. Individual masonry phases are not assigned here to the siege of 1205. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edirne_Roman_Walls_and_Macedonian_Tower_0210.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"}},{"id":"asset.kal.baldwin-tower","src":"/media/asset-kal-baldwin-tower-960.a5febeb4.webp","alt":"Odbudowana wieża Baldwina. Współczesne zdjęcie odbudowanej wieży na Carewcu. Tradycja łączy ją z Baldwinem; zdjęcie nie dowodzi, że był tu więziony.","w":1063,"h":1600,"caption":"Współczesne zdjęcie odbudowanej wieży na Carewcu. Tradycja łączy ją z Baldwinem; zdjęcie nie dowodzi, że był tu więziony.","credit":"Андрей Романенко · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Андрей Романенко / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. A present-day photograph of a reconstructed tower at Tsarevets. Tradition links it to Baldwin; the photograph does not prove the location of his prison. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Андрей Романенко / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. A present-day photograph of a reconstructed tower at Tsarevets. Tradition links it to Baldwin; the photograph does not prove the location of his prison. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Baldwin_Tower,_view_from_below_01.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"}},{"id":"map-relief","src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","thumb":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","alt":"Kontekst geograficzny bez granic historycznych","w":3072,"h":1987,"caption":"","kindLabel":"Kontekst geograficzny bez granic historycznych","visibleKind":"Kontekst geograficzny bez granic historycznych","credit":"Tom Patterson · Nathaniel Vaughn Kelso · Domena publiczna · Natural Earth","license":"Domena publiczna","attribution":"Tom Patterson · Nathaniel Vaughn Kelso","attributionParts":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/10m-raster-data/10m-gray-earth/","licenseUrl":"https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"}}],"places":[{"note":"W źródłach miasto nosi także nazwę Adrianopol; dziś to Edirne w Turcji. 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