{"version":2,"locale":"pl","id":"story.kazanlak-tomb","hasFind":true,"slug":"kazanlak-tomb","url":"/pl/stories/kazanlak-tomb/","topic":"Grobowiec w Kazanłyku","title":"Dłonie pod kopułą","summary":"Wykop wojskowy odsłania wejście do trackiego grobowca. Przyjrzyj się parze, procesji i wyścigowi nad nią, a potem odróżnij antyczny oryginał od współczesnej kopii.","cover":{"title":"Dłonie pod kopułą","subtitle":"Grobowiec tracki w Kazanłyku","hook":"Czyje dłonie łączą się na malowidle?","summary":"Wykop wojskowy odsłania wejście do trackiego grobowca. Przyjrzyj się parze, procesji i wyścigowi nad nią, a potem odróżnij antyczny oryginał od współczesnej kopii.","takeaway":"To, co widać na malowidle, jest punktem wyjścia; jego znaczenie wymaga interpretacji i dowodów."},"sortYear":-300,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.antiquity","styleId":"antiquity","sortOrder":6,"title":"Starożytność: Trakowie, Grecy, Rzymianie","dateLabel":"I tysiąclecie p.n.e. – VI wiek n.e.","eraShort":"Starożytność","slug":"antiquity","fill":"#D4CBBE","ink":"#221616","raised":"#DAD3C8","dark":"#6B6862"},"epochId":"epoch.antiquity","placeShort":"Kazanłyk","date":"IV–III w. p.n.e.","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kazan-jug-cutout-480.02e7401c.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kazan-jug-cutout-960.02e7401c.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kazan-jug-cutout-1349.02e7401c.avif","w":1349}],"dominant":"#67503a","h":1843,"w":1349,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kazan-jug-cutout-960.02e7401c.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kazan-jug-cutout-960.02e7401c.webp","id":"asset.kazan.jug-cutout","alt":"Wycięty detal; tło usunięte. Srebrny dzban ze złoconym zdobieniem, ekspozycja muzealna","objectCaption":"Srebrny dzban","caption":"Srebrny dzban ze złoconym zdobieniem, ekspozycja muzealna","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"SashaCoachman · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: SashaCoachman; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 3.0. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"SashaCoachman; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 3.0. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jug.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"kazanlak-tomb.s1-shelter","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Schron w czasie wojny","body":"19 kwietnia 1944 r. W Kazanłyku żołnierze kopią schron przeciwlotniczy. Zamiast zwykłego wykopu znajdują wejście do grobowca. Za nim znajdują się wąskie przejście i okrągła komora z malowaną kopułą. Na kopule zachowały się wizerunki ludzi, koni i rydwanów, namalowane ponad dwa tysiąclecia temu.\n\nNie jest to jednak nienaruszony pochówek. Grobowiec ograbiono jeszcze w starożytności. Nie możemy powiedzieć, że przez te wszystkie stulecia nikt tu nie wchodził. Żołnierze odkrywają zachowane malowidła, a nie zapieczętowany skarbiec. Aby zrozumieć, co widzą, musimy prześledzić drogę od wejścia do kopuły.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kazan-entrance-480.e33ed68b.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kazan-entrance-960.e33ed68b.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kazan-entrance-1600.e33ed68b.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#5f6e63","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kazan-entrance-960.e33ed68b.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kazan-entrance-960.e33ed68b.webp","id":"asset.kazan.entrance","alt":"Wejście do repliki, współczesna fotografia","objectCaption":"Wejście do repliki, współczesna fotografia","caption":"Wejście do repliki, współczesna fotografia","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Galileo01 · CC BY 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Galileo01; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY 4.0. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Galileo01; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY 4.0. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kazanlak_thomb_replica_entrance.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":41.033,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.kazanlak-tomb.kazanlak-tomb.s1-shelter","duration":41.131,"src":"/audio/pl/kazanlak-tomb/s1-shelter.7677c690.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.kazan.museum"},{"id":"src.kazan.municipality2014"}]},{"id":"kazanlak-tomb.s2-tyulbeto","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Kurhan w parku miejskim","body":"Dziś miejsce to znajduje się w parku Tiulbeto w Kazanłyku. UNESCO wiąże je z wielką tracką nekropolią w pobliżu Seutopolis, stolicy Seutesa III. To wskazówka dotycząca okolicy, a nie dowód na to, kto został tu pochowany.\n\nDatowanie nie jest jednakowe we wszystkich źródłach. UNESCO wskazuje w przybliżeniu koniec IV wieku p.n.e.; muzeum Iskra — pierwszą połowę III wieku p.n.e. Wspólnym kontekstem jest hellenistyczna Tracja. Na mapie widzisz obecne położenie grobowca. Nie wyznaczono starożytnych granic państwowych. Następny krok prowadzi do wnętrza: przez korytarz i prostokątną komorę przedgrobową do okrągłej komory grobowej.","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Starożytne freski i współczesna kopia to różne rodzaje świadectw.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.kazan.tomb","name":"Tracki grobowiec w Kazanłyku, park 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dłonie w centrum","body":"W centrum dużej sceny siedzą mężczyzna w wieńcu i kobieta w welonie. Ich dłonie się spotykają. Podchodzi do nich stojąca kobieta z tacą. Muzeum interpretuje kompozycję jako ucztę pogrzebową, a parę jako zmarłego dostojnika i jego żonę. To interpretacja przedstawienia, a nie napis z ich imionami.\n\nZwróć uwagę na różne siedziska: mężczyzna spoczywa na niskim łożu, kobieta siedzi na wysokim krześle. Malarz wyróżnił centralną grupę, ale nie pozostawił jej samej. Z boków zbliżają się kolejne postacie. Gest dłoni jest widoczny; nie powinniśmy rozstrzygać za ludzi, którzy zamówili malowidło, co dokładnie dla nich oznaczał.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kazan-garland-480.955861fa.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kazan-garland-960.955861fa.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kazan-garland-1600.955861fa.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-kazan-garland-2400.955861fa.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#5d513e","h":1800,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kazan-garland-960.955861fa.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kazan-garland-960.955861fa.webp","id":"asset.kazan.garland","alt":"Gliniane elementy wieńca, ekspozycja muzealna","objectCaption":"Gliniane elementy wieńca, ekspozycja muzealna","caption":"Gliniane elementy wieńca, ekspozycja muzealna","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"SashaCoachman · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: SashaCoachman; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 3.0. 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Należą do dużej kompozycji wokół uczty. Wyżej czeka nas kolejna scena z końmi.\n\nW komorze przedgrobowej namalowano natomiast uzbrojonych piechurów i jeźdźców. Według opisu muzealnego sceny mogą przedstawiać wydarzenia z życia zmarłego lub igrzyska ku jego pamięci. Badaczka Rumiana Georgiewa zwraca też uwagę na stroje: namalowane ubiory nie muszą być dokładnymi kopiami rzeczywiście noszonych. Malowidło przedstawia ludzi w wybrany sposób; nie jest fotografią ceremonii.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kazan-jug-480.1a8af6a7.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kazan-jug-960.1a8af6a7.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kazan-jug-1600.1a8af6a7.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#665844","h":2400,"w":1800,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kazan-jug-960.1a8af6a7.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kazan-jug-960.1a8af6a7.webp","id":"asset.kazan.jug","alt":"Srebrny dzban ze złoconym zdobieniem, ekspozycja muzealna","objectCaption":"Srebrny dzban","caption":"Srebrny dzban ze złoconym zdobieniem, ekspozycja muzealna","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"SashaCoachman · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: SashaCoachman; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 3.0. 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Uczta pogrzebowa jest interpretacją muzeum.","correctItemId":"opt-feast","sources":[{"id":"src.kazan.museum"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.544375,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.kazanlak-tomb.kazanlak-tomb.a1-reading","duration":3.669,"src":"/audio/pl/kazanlak-tomb/a1-reading.63bcdde3.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.kazan.museum"}]},{"id":"kazanlak-tomb.s5-race","number":6,"kind":"artifact","title":"Wyścig nad ucztą","body":"Spójrz ku szczytowi kopuły. Namalowano tam wyścig rydwanów. Każdy rydwan ciągną dwa konie. Taki dwukonny rydwan nazywa się bigą. Georgiewa opisuje trzech młodych woźniców w długich szatach. To osobny fryz, a nie ciąg dalszy szeregu prowadzonych koni poniżej.\n\nPod wielką sceną na przemian występują rozety i bukraniony — ozdobne wizerunki głów byków. Archeolożka Daniela Stojanowa dostrzega różnice między namalowanymi rogami i oczodołami. Te szczegóły są częścią dekoracji, a nie szczątkami zwierząt. Kopuła łączy różne obrazy; na podstawie samej ich obecności nie możemy odtworzyć dokładnego przebiegu historycznego pogrzebu.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kazan-display-480.a7224425.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kazan-display-960.a7224425.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kazan-display-1600.a7224425.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#514e40","h":1824,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kazan-display-960.a7224425.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kazan-display-960.a7224425.webp","id":"asset.kazan.display","alt":"Naczynia i fragmenty na wystawie przy grobowcu","objectCaption":"Naczynia i fragmenty na wystawie przy grobowcu","caption":"Naczynia i fragmenty na wystawie przy grobowcu","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Izvora · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Photo: Izvora; Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. 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