{"version":2,"locale":"pl","id":"story.krum-811","hasFind":true,"slug":"krum-811","url":"/pl/stories/krum-811/","topic":"Krum i bitwa z 811 roku","title":"Krum, Nicefor i pewien puchar","summary":"Nicefor zdobywa stolicę Bułgarii. Krum jednak nadal stawia opór. Opowieść o klęsce, niezwykłym pucharze z kronik i prawach znanych tylko z późnego tekstu.","cover":{"title":"Krum, Nicefor i pewien puchar","subtitle":"Pliska i klęska w 811 roku","hook":"Jak ginie Nicefor?","summary":"Nicefor zdobywa stolicę Bułgarii. Krum jednak nadal stawia opór. Opowieść o klęsce, niezwykłym pucharze z kronik i prawach znanych tylko z późnego tekstu.","takeaway":"Śmierć Nicefora jest wydarzeniem potwierdzonym. Opowiadając o pucharze i prawach, trzeba podać źródła i ich ograniczenia."},"sortYear":811,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.tsardom1","styleId":"tsardom1","sortOrder":5,"title":"Pierwsze Carstwo Bułgarskie","dateLabel":"681–1018","eraShort":"Pierwsze carstwo","slug":"tsardom1","fill":"#A68A68","ink":"#221616","raised":"#B39C7F","dark":"#786546"},"epochId":"epoch.tsardom1","placeShort":"Pliska","date":"811","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-cutout-480.0872ca3e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-cutout-960.0872ca3e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-cutout-1600.0872ca3e.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#6b5e3f","h":1737,"w":1734,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-cutout-960.0872ca3e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-cutout-960.0872ca3e.webp","id":"asset.krum.coin-cutout","alt":"Wycięty detal; tło usunięte. Złota moneta Nicefora I w Muzeum Numizmatycznym w Atenach, fotografia Francesco Bini. Widać koronę, twarz i krzyż. Nie wiemy, gdzie znaleziono tę monetę.","objectCaption":"Moneta Nicefora I","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Francesco Bini · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Francesco Bini. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Gold coin of Nikephoros I in the Numismatic Museum, Athens, photographed by Francesco Bini. Crown, face and cross are visible. We do not know where this coin was found. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Francesco Bini. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Gold coin of Nikephoros I in the Numismatic Museum, Athens, photographed by Francesco Bini. Crown, face and cross are visible. We do not know where this coin was found. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monete_bizantine_della_collezione_di_louise_riancourt,_41_niceforo_I.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"krum-811.s1-pliska","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Pliska płonie","body":"Latem 811 r. wojska cesarza Nicefora I zdobywają Pliskę, stolicę Bułgarii. Podczas odwrotu drewniane budynki zostają spalone. Bułgarski władca Krum nie trafia jednak do niewoli. Utrata stolicy nie kończy jego oporu.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-palace-480.1bd1feb4.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-palace-960.1bd1feb4.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-palace-1600.1bd1feb4.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#8a8f8e","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-palace-960.1bd1feb4.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-krum-palace-960.1bd1feb4.webp","id":"asset.krum.palace","alt":"Teren pałacowy w Plisce obecnie. Fotografia Svilen Enev. Widać zakonserwowane kamienne pozostałości. Po pożarze miasto odbudowywano i zmieniano; drewniane budowle zastąpiono kamiennymi. Wykopaliska rozpoczęto tu w 1899 roku.","objectCaption":"Teren pałacowy w Plisce obecnie. Fotografia Svilen Enev. Widać zakonserwowane kamienne pozostałości. Po pożarze miasto odbudowywano i zmieniano; drewniane budowle zastąpiono kamiennymi. Wykopaliska rozpoczęto tu w 1899 roku.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Svilen Enev · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Svilen Enev. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. The palace area at Pliska today. Photograph by Svilen Enev. Conserved stone remains are visible. After the fire, the city was rebuilt and changed; stone buildings replaced wooden ones. Excavations here began in 1899. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Svilen Enev. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. The palace area at Pliska today. Photograph by Svilen Enev. Conserved stone remains are visible. After the fire, the city was rebuilt and changed; stone buildings replaced wooden ones. Excavations here began in 1899. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ruins_in_Pliska_Palace_9.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-reserve-480.bd8e15dc.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-reserve-960.bd8e15dc.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-reserve-1600.bd8e15dc.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#7a7c6f","h":1064,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-reserve-960.bd8e15dc.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-krum-reserve-960.bd8e15dc.webp","id":"asset.krum.reserve","alt":"Współczesny widok rezerwatu archeologicznego w Plisce. Ruiny i zakonserwowane mury z różnych etapów budowy.","objectCaption":"Współczesny widok rezerwatu archeologicznego w Plisce. Ruiny i zakonserwowane mury z różnych etapów budowy.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"www.bdmundo.com · CC BY-SA 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 2.0","attribution":"www.bdmundo.com. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.0. Present-day view of the Pliska archaeological reserve. Ruins and conserved masonry from different building phases. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"www.bdmundo.com. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.0. Present-day view of the Pliska archaeological reserve. Ruins and conserved masonry from different building phases. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:National_Historical_and_Archaeological_Preserve_Pliska_(23607833594).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Punkt orientacyjny dużego stanowiska archeologicznego, nie dokładne położenie pałacu ani miejsce bitwy.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.krum.pliska","name":"Pliska — miasto archeologiczne","latitude":43.3873319,"longitude":27.1147236,"radiusMeters":4000,"sourceIds":["src.krum.osm-pliska","src.krum.pliska-museum"],"accuracy":"approximate","guideUrl":null,"slug":"krum.pliska","url":"/pl/map/#krum.pliska"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":16.222458333333332,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.krum-811.krum-811.s1-pliska","duration":16.341,"src":"/audio/pl/krum-811/s1-pliska.95044180.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.krum.pliska-museum"},{"id":"src.krum.pbe"},{"id":"src.krum.media.palace"},{"id":"src.krum.media.reserve"}]},{"id":"krum-811.s2-coin","number":2,"kind":"artifact","title":"Twarz na złocie","body":"Spójrz na złotą monetę. Widać na niej Nicefora z koroną i krzyżem. Cesarz rządzi imperium: dużym państwem złożonym z wielu krain. Dziś jego imperium nazywamy Bizancjum. Moneta znajduje się w muzeum w Atenach. Nie wiemy, gdzie ją znaleziono.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-480.2e60b0f1.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-960.2e60b0f1.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-1600.2e60b0f1.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#534832","h":1844,"w":1876,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-960.2e60b0f1.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-960.2e60b0f1.webp","id":"asset.krum.coin","alt":"Złota moneta Nicefora I w Muzeum Numizmatycznym w Atenach, fotografia Francesco Bini. Widać koronę, twarz i krzyż. Nie wiemy, gdzie znaleziono tę monetę.","objectCaption":"Moneta Nicefora I","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Francesco Bini · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Francesco Bini. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Gold coin of Nikephoros I in the Numismatic Museum, Athens, photographed by Francesco Bini. Crown, face and cross are visible. We do not know where this coin was found. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Francesco Bini. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Gold coin of Nikephoros I in the Numismatic Museum, Athens, photographed by Francesco Bini. Crown, face and cross are visible. We do not know where this coin was found. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monete_bizantine_della_collezione_di_louise_riancourt,_41_niceforo_I.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-coin-face","x":0.5,"y":0.43,"title":"Twarz","body":"Wizerunek Nicefora na monecie. Nie jest to portret narysowany podczas bitwy.","sourceIds":["src.krum.media.coin"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-coin-crown","x":0.5,"y":0.24,"title":"Korona","body":"Nad twarzą widać koronę z krzyżem. To symbol władzy cesarskiej.","sourceIds":["src.krum.media.coin"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-coin-cross","x":0.23,"y":0.34,"title":"Krzyż w dłoni","body":"Po lewej stronie zdjęcia znajduje się krzyż na długim drzewcu. To nie miecz.","sourceIds":["src.krum.media.coin"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":16.443083333333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.krum-811.krum-811.s2-coin","duration":16.555,"src":"/audio/pl/krum-811/s2-coin.79fdf7cd.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.krum.media.coin"},{"id":"src.krum.theophanes"},{"id":"src.krum.pbe"}]},{"id":"krum-811.s3-pass","number":3,"kind":"map","title":"Drewniane zapory w górach","body":"Na południe od Pliski leży Stara Płanina. Przełęcz to droga przez góry. Przełęcz Wyrbicka jest jedną z proponowanych lokalizacji ostatniej bitwy. Rozważa się też inne miejsca. Dlatego mapa pokazuje przybliżony obszar, bez dokładnej trasy wojsk.\n\nTeofanes pisze kronikę, czyli uporządkowany według lat opis wydarzeń. Według niego Bułgarzy zamykają wyjścia drewnianymi zaporami. Zdobyta stolica pozostaje za wojskami cesarskimi, lecz przed nimi są przeszkody. Relacje różnią się co do długości wyprawy.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-road-480.8ecf324d.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-road-960.8ecf324d.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-road-1600.8ecf324d.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#848786","h":1216,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-road-960.8ecf324d.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-krum-road-960.8ecf324d.webp","id":"asset.krum.road","alt":"Przełęcz Wyrbica obecnie, fotografia Izvora. Współczesna droga i las; dokładnego miejsca bitwy nie ustalono.","objectCaption":"Przełęcz Wyrbica obecnie, fotografia Izvora. Współczesna droga i las; dokładnego miejsca bitwy nie ustalono.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Izvora · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Izvora. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Varbitsa Pass today, photographed by Izvora. Modern road and woodland; not an identified exact battlefield. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Izvora. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Varbitsa Pass today, photographed by Izvora. Modern road and woodland; not an identified exact battlefield. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Varbishki_prohod.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-landscape-480.8f5e0841.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-landscape-960.8f5e0841.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-landscape-1600.8f5e0841.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#74767a","h":1216,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-landscape-960.8f5e0841.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-krum-landscape-960.8f5e0841.webp","id":"asset.krum.landscape","alt":"Drugi współczesny widok przełęczy Wyrbica. Dodatkowe zdjęcie terenu, bez rekonstrukcji wojsk.","objectCaption":"Drugi współczesny widok przełęczy Wyrbica. Dodatkowe zdjęcie terenu, bez rekonstrukcji wojsk.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Izvora · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Izvora. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. A second present-day view of Varbitsa Pass. Supplementary terrain view, with no reconstruction of troops. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Izvora. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. A second present-day view of Varbitsa Pass. Supplementary terrain view, with no reconstruction of troops. 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Wojsko zostaje rozbite. Nicefor ginie w lipcu 811 r. Jego syn Staurakios zostaje ciężko ranny. Części żołnierzy udaje się uciec.\n\nKto dokładnie zabija cesarza? Zachowane relacje nie dają pewnej odpowiedzi.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-campaign-480.06602151.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-campaign-960.06602151.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-campaign-1125.06602151.avif","w":1125}],"dominant":"#c2aa6e","h":1600,"w":1125,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-campaign-960.06602151.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-krum-campaign-960.06602151.webp","id":"asset.krum.campaign","alt":"Miniatura 50 z Kroniki Manassesa, XIV wiek. Wyprawa Nicefora i scena opisana jako jego pojmanie. To późniejsza opowieść w obrazach.","objectCaption":"Miniatura 50 z Kroniki Manassesa, XIV wiek. Wyprawa Nicefora i scena opisana jako jego pojmanie. 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This is a later account in pictures. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:50-manasses-chronicle.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":21.435333333333332,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.krum-811.krum-811.s4-defeat","duration":21.547,"src":"/audio/pl/krum-811/s4-defeat.94393cbe.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.krum.neville"},{"id":"src.krum.nikolov"},{"id":"src.krum.pbe"},{"id":"src.krum.media.campaign"},{"id":"src.krum.runciman"},{"id":"src.krum.theophanes"}]},{"id":"krum-811.a1-evidence","number":5,"kind":"activity","title":"Zadanie: co jest pewne","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.krum.evidence","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Co możemy powiedzieć z pewnością po opowieści o bitwie?","sourceIds":["src.krum.nikolov","src.krum.runciman","src.krum.media.campaign"],"items":[{"id":"e-death","label":"Nicefor ginie podczas klęski w 811 r."},{"id":"e-killer","label":"Krum osobiście zabija Nicefora.","whyWrong":"Relacje nie ustalają, kto dokładnie go zabija."},{"id":"e-point","label":"Miejsce śmierci Nicefora jest znane.","whyWrong":"Nawet obszar ostatniego starcia jest przedmiotem dyskusji."},{"id":"e-eyewitness","label":"Miniaturę namalował naoczny świadek w 811 r.","whyWrong":"Pochodzi ona z XIV wieku."}],"explanation":"Śmierć Nicefora jest potwierdzona. Nie ustalono dokładnie, kto go zabił ani gdzie rozegrała się bitwa. Późny obraz nie zastępuje świadectwa z czasu bitwy.","correctItemId":"e-death","sources":[{"id":"src.krum.nikolov"},{"id":"src.krum.runciman"},{"id":"src.krum.media.campaign"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.834625,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.krum-811.krum-811.a1-evidence","duration":3.925,"src":"/audio/pl/krum-811/a1-evidence.180907ad.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.krum.nikolov"},{"id":"src.krum.runciman"},{"id":"src.krum.media.campaign"}]},{"id":"krum-811.s5-cup","number":6,"kind":"artifact","title":"Naczynie w dłoni","body":"Na miniaturze Krum siedzi po lewej, a z prawej podaje mu się naczynie. Miniatura to mały obrazek w książce. Ten pochodzi z XIV wieku, wiele stuleci po bitwie. Teofanes podaje, że z czaszki Nicefora wykonano puchar pokryty z zewnątrz srebrem. Według niego pili z niego słowiańscy wodzowie.\n\nNie wiemy, czy taki puchar istniał. Relacja może powtarzać starsze opowieści o wrogach. Późniejsza ilustracja nie rozstrzyga tej kwestii.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-feast-480.852c1d5d.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-feast-960.852c1d5d.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-feast-1600.852c1d5d.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#bf9c63","h":2400,"w":1785,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-feast-960.852c1d5d.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-krum-feast-960.852c1d5d.webp","id":"asset.krum.feast","alt":"Miniatura 51 z Kroniki Manassesa, XIV wiek. Krum z gośćmi i podawane naczynie; późniejsze przedstawienie opowieści o pucharze, nie dowód zachowania przedmiotu.","objectCaption":"Miniatura 51 z Kroniki Manassesa, XIV wiek. 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Miniature 51 in the Manasses Chronicle, fourteenth century. Krum with guests and a vessel being offered; a later image of the cup story, not evidence of a surviving object. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:51-manasses-chronicle.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-feast-ruler","x":0.23,"y":0.59,"title":"Krum na ilustracji","body":"Siedzący po lewej władca to według opisu miniatury Krum. Nie jest to potwierdzony portret z jego życia.","sourceIds":["src.krum.media.feast"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-feast-vessel","x":0.64,"y":0.59,"title":"Podawane naczynie","body":"Stojąca postać trzyma naczynie. Ilustracja przedstawia opowieść o pucharze; nie dowodzi, jaki materiał lub kształt miał rzeczywisty przedmiot.","sourceIds":["src.krum.media.feast","src.krum.nikolov"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-feast-guests","x":0.45,"y":0.53,"title":"Goście","body":"Przy stole zgromadziła się grupa ludzi. Ich imion nie ustalono tutaj.","sourceIds":["src.krum.media.feast"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":28.262,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.krum-811.krum-811.s5-cup","duration":28.373,"src":"/audio/pl/krum-811/s5-cup.dd35a350.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.krum.theophanes"},{"id":"src.krum.nikolov"},{"id":"src.krum.media.feast"}]},{"id":"krum-811.a2-timeline","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Zadanie: ułóż w kolejności chronologicznej","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.krum.timeline","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Ułóż te wydarzenia od najwcześniejszego do najpóźniejszego.","sourceIds":["src.krum.pliska-museum","src.krum.nikolov","src.krum.media.feast"],"items":[{"id":"ev-pliska","label":"Wojsko Nicefora zdobywa Pliskę"},{"id":"ev-defeat","label":"Nicefor ginie w bitwie"},{"id":"ev-miniature","label":"Powstaje miniatura z ucztą"},{"id":"ev-excavations","label":"Rozpoczynają się wykopaliska w Plisce"}],"explanation":"Pliskę zdobyto przed klęską w 811 r. Miniatura pochodzi z XIV wieku. Wykopaliska rozpoczynają się w 1899 r. Aby ustalić tę kolejność, nie trzeba znać dokładnej liczby dni między zdobyciem miasta a bitwą.","correctOrderIds":["ev-pliska","ev-defeat","ev-miniature","ev-excavations"],"sources":[{"id":"src.krum.pliska-museum"},{"id":"src.krum.nikolov"},{"id":"src.krum.media.feast"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":4.020375,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.krum-811.krum-811.a2-timeline","duration":4.139,"src":"/audio/pl/krum-811/a2-timeline.0fd113f7.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.krum.pliska-museum"},{"id":"src.krum.nikolov"},{"id":"src.krum.media.feast"}]},{"id":"krum-811.s6-laws","number":8,"kind":"narrative","title":"Rozkazy w starej księdze","body":"O „prawach Kruma” mamy tylko relację w Sudzie, bizantyńskiej encyklopedii z X wieku. Encyklopedia to księga zawierająca wiele krótkich artykułów. Opisuje kary za fałszywe oskarżenie i kradzież. Mówi też o wyrywaniu winorośli i wystarczającej pomocy potrzebującym.\n\nWedług Sudy Krum wydaje te rozkazy po rozmowie z jeńcami z ludu Awarów. Awarowie mieli własne państwo. Nie wiemy, czy rozmowa się odbyła. Same prawa Kruma nie zachowały się.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-suda-480.5d5a4cc4.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-suda-960.5d5a4cc4.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-suda-1600.5d5a4cc4.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#cdcdcd","h":1158,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-suda-960.5d5a4cc4.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-krum-suda-960.5d5a4cc4.webp","id":"asset.krum.suda","alt":"Strona 144 drukowanego wydania Sudy, Mediolan, 1499 rok, za pośrednictwem Gallica i Commons. Jest tu hasło o Arystotelesie, a nie opowieść o prawach Kruma.","objectCaption":"Strona 144 drukowanego wydania Sudy, Mediolan, 1499 rok, za pośrednictwem Gallica i Commons. Jest tu hasło o Arystotelesie, a nie opowieść o prawach Kruma.","caption":"","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Anonimowi kompilatorzy; mediolańscy drukarze Demetrios Chalkokondyles, Joannes Bissolus i Benedictus Mangius; digitalizacja przez Gallica · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Anonymous compilers; Milan printers Demetrios Chalkokondyles, Joannes Bissolus and Benedictus Mangius; digitisation via Gallica. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Page 144 of the Suda printed in Milan in 1499, via Gallica and Commons. This is the entry on Aristotle, not the account of Krum’s laws. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Anonymous compilers; Milan printers Demetrios Chalkokondyles, Joannes Bissolus and Benedictus Mangius; digitisation via Gallica. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Page 144 of the Suda printed in Milan in 1499, via Gallica and Commons. This is the entry on Aristotle, not the account of Krum’s laws. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SudaArist.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":28.424541666666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.krum-811.krum-811.s6-laws","duration":28.544,"src":"/audio/pl/krum-811/s6-laws.dcf35576.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.krum.suda"},{"id":"src.krum.naydenova"},{"id":"src.krum.runciman"},{"id":"src.krum.media.suda"}]},{"id":"krum-811.a3-matching","number":9,"kind":"activity","title":"Zadanie: połącz","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.krum.matching","kind":"matching","prompt":"Połącz każdą nazwę z jej rolą w tej opowieści.","sourceIds":["src.krum.pliska-museum","src.krum.theophanes","src.krum.suda","src.krum.media.feast"],"items":[{"id":"m-pliska","label":"Pliska","pairedLabel":"Zdobyta i spalona stolica"},{"id":"m-theophanes","label":"Teofanes","pairedLabel":"Kronikarz, który pisze o pucharze"},{"id":"m-suda","label":"Suda","pairedLabel":"Encyklopedia z relacją o prawach"},{"id":"m-miniature","label":"Miniatura z ucztą","pairedLabel":"Ilustracja z XIV wieku"}],"explanation":"Pliska jest miejscem. Teofanes jest autorem kroniki. Suda jest encyklopedią z relacją o prawach. Miniatura to późniejsze przedstawienie uczty.","sources":[{"id":"src.krum.pliska-museum"},{"id":"src.krum.theophanes"},{"id":"src.krum.suda"},{"id":"src.krum.media.feast"}],"columns":["Element","Opis"]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.7765833333333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.krum-811.krum-811.a3-matching","duration":3.883,"src":"/audio/pl/krum-811/a3-matching.2771de94.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.krum.pliska-museum"},{"id":"src.krum.theophanes"},{"id":"src.krum.suda"},{"id":"src.krum.media.feast"}]}],"minutes":3,"sources":[{"year":2020,"url":"https://doi.org/10.14746/bp.2020.27.2","institutionOrAuthor":"Kirił Marinow","id":"src.krum.marinow","title":"A scorched earth: The fate of the Bulgarian economic background during the expedition of Nikephoros I Genikos of 811","container":"Balcanica Posnaniensia. 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Carl de Boor"],"accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1226056","institutionOrAuthor":"Wikimedia geographical database contributors","id":"src.krum.wikidata-pass","title":"Varbitsa Pass","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","authors":["Wikimedia geographical database contributors"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","container":""}],"credits":[{"id":"asset.krum.coin-cutout","src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-cutout-960.0872ca3e.webp","alt":"Wycięty detal; tło usunięte. Złota moneta Nicefora I w Muzeum Numizmatycznym w Atenach, fotografia Francesco Bini. Widać koronę, twarz i krzyż. Nie wiemy, gdzie znaleziono tę monetę.","w":1734,"h":1737,"caption":"","credit":"Francesco Bini · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Francesco Bini. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Gold coin of Nikephoros I in the Numismatic Museum, Athens, photographed by Francesco Bini. Crown, face and cross are visible. We do not know where this coin was found. 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Wykopaliska rozpoczęto tu w 1899 roku.","w":1600,"h":1200,"caption":"","credit":"Svilen Enev · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Svilen Enev. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. The palace area at Pliska today. Photograph by Svilen Enev. Conserved stone remains are visible. After the fire, the city was rebuilt and changed; stone buildings replaced wooden ones. Excavations here began in 1899. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Svilen Enev. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. The palace area at Pliska today. Photograph by Svilen Enev. Conserved stone remains are visible. After the fire, the city was rebuilt and changed; stone buildings replaced wooden ones. Excavations here began in 1899. 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Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Izvora. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Varbitsa Pass today, photographed by Izvora. Modern road and woodland; not an identified exact battlefield. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Varbishki_prohod.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"}},{"id":"asset.krum.landscape","src":"/media/asset-krum-landscape-960.8f5e0841.webp","alt":"Drugi współczesny widok przełęczy Wyrbica. Dodatkowe zdjęcie terenu, bez rekonstrukcji wojsk.","w":1600,"h":1216,"caption":"","credit":"Izvora · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Izvora. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. A second present-day view of Varbitsa Pass. Supplementary terrain view, with no reconstruction of troops. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Izvora. 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