{"version":2,"locale":"pl","id":"story.magura-cave","hasFind":true,"slug":"magura-cave","url":"/pl/stories/magura-cave/","topic":"Jaskinia Magura","title":"Farba z guana nietoperzy, znaki czasu","summary":"Ciemne postacie z guana nietoperzy, sceny interpretowane jako polowanie i możliwy kalendarz. Przyglądamy się widocznym kształtom i proponowanym znaczeniom.","cover":{"title":"Farba z guana nietoperzy, znaki czasu","subtitle":"Malowidła w Magurze koło Rabyszy","hook":"Kalendarz z odchodów nietoperzy?","summary":"Ciemne postacie z guana nietoperzy, sceny interpretowane jako polowanie i możliwy kalendarz. Przyglądamy się widocznym kształtom i proponowanym znaczeniom.","takeaway":"Malowidła są rzeczywistymi śladami, ale ich znaczenie pozostaje otwarte na badania. Różnica między „widzę krąg” a „to kalendarz” jest częścią tego, co Magura uczy nas dostrzegać."},"sortYear":-3000,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.bronze","styleId":"bronze","sortOrder":7,"title":"Epoka brązu","dateLabel":"IV–II tysiąclecie p.n.e. · w przybliżeniu","eraShort":"Epoka brązu","slug":"bronze","fill":"#7A5E4C","ink":"#F6EEEA","raised":"#6A5242","dark":"#705E51"},"epochId":"epoch.bronze","placeShort":"Rabisza","date":"Epoka miedzi–brązu","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-cutout-436.4443d7a3.avif","w":436}],"dominant":"#8c6d58","h":733,"w":436,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-cutout-436.4443d7a3.webp","w":436}],"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-cutout-436.4443d7a3.webp","id":"asset.mag.hunting-cutout","alt":"Wyodrębniona sylwetka z malowidła w Magurze; nie jest przedmiotem przenośnym.","objectCaption":"Malowana postać","caption":"Kompozycja interpretowana jako polowanie i taniec","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. A composition interpreted as hunting and dancing. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. A composition interpreted as hunting and dancing. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magura_cave_hunting_scene_1519.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"magura-cave.s1-guano","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Farba z jaskini","body":"Na jasnej ścianie namalowano ciemne postacie ludzi i zwierząt oraz znaki. Farbę zrobiono z guana nietoperzy, czyli nagromadzonych odchodów tych zwierząt. Ślady wciąż tu są.\n\nJesteśmy w Magurze, w pobliżu wsi Rabysza w okręgu widyńskim. Setki wizerunków pokrywają część jaskini. Nie znamy imion ich twórców. Możemy jednak przyjrzeć się temu, co pozostawili. Znajdź postać z uniesionymi rękami. Potem poszukaj zwierzęcia obok człowieka w dolnym rzędzie. Co mogą robić te postacie?","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-480.0266d1e6.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-960.0266d1e6.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-1600.0266d1e6.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-2400.0266d1e6.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#7e7468","h":1349,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-960.0266d1e6.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-960.0266d1e6.webp","id":"asset.mag.hunting","alt":"Ciemne postacie ludzi i zwierząt w dwóch rzędach na skale.","objectCaption":"Malowana postać","caption":"Kompozycja interpretowana jako polowanie i taniec","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. A composition interpreted as hunting and dancing. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. A composition interpreted as hunting and dancing. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magura_cave_hunting_scene_1519.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":32.128125,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.magura-cave.magura-cave.s1-guano","duration":32.256,"src":"/audio/pl/magura-cave/s1-guano.89eb5a6c.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.mag.arca2014"},{"id":"src.mag.mitova2017"},{"id":"src.mag.unesco1984"},{"id":"src.mag.museum.cave"}]},{"id":"magura-cave.s2-dating","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Ile lat mają malowidła?","body":"Malowidła mają tysiące lat. Badacze proponują różne daty. Jeden przegląd naukowy umieszcza je między piątym a trzecim tysiącleciem p.n.e. Każde tysiąclecie to tysiąc lat. Proponowano też wcześniejsze daty. Nie możemy przypisać jednej daty wszystkim postaciom. Stare guano i ponowne malowanie mogą utrudniać weryfikację. Odkryte miejsce zamieszkania nie pozwala datować każdego malowidła. Trzeba udowodnić związek między nimi.","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Przybliżona okolica wejścia. Punkt nie wskazuje podziemnej galerii.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.mag.cave","name":"Jaskinia Magura — wejście","latitude":43.727842,"longitude":22.5826747,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":150,"sourceIds":["src.mag.osm","src.mag.wikidata.cave","src.mag.unesco1984"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/pl/places/magura-cave/","slug":"mag.cave","url":"/pl/map/#mag.cave"},{"note":"Punkt orientacyjny jeziora, nie miejsce dostępu do brzegu.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.mag.lake","name":"Jezioro Rabiszkie","latitude":43.73888889,"longitude":22.585,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1200,"sourceIds":["src.mag.wikidata.lake","src.mag.museum.research"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/pl/places/lake-rabisha/","slug":"mag.lake","url":"/pl/map/#mag.lake"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-1536.8876519a.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-2048.4c826249.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-3072.8876519a.avif","w":3072}]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief-dark@3x.jpg?v=0941a59d06","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-1024.73ab39a9.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-1536.4f3ca147.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-2048.73ab39a9.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-3072.4f3ca147.avif","w":3072}]},"places":[{"note":"Przybliżona okolica wejścia. Punkt nie wskazuje podziemnej galerii.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.mag.cave","name":"Jaskinia Magura — wejście","latitude":43.727842,"longitude":22.5826747,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":150,"sourceIds":["src.mag.osm","src.mag.wikidata.cave","src.mag.unesco1984"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/pl/places/magura-cave/","slug":"mag.cave","url":"/pl/map/#mag.cave","number":1,"x":13.53343,"y":23.50252,"inside":true,"viewX":16.76399070967742,"viewY":30.128714348387103},{"note":"Punkt orientacyjny jeziora, nie miejsce dostępu do brzegu.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.mag.lake","name":"Jezioro Rabiszkie","latitude":43.73888889,"longitude":22.585,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1200,"sourceIds":["src.mag.wikidata.lake","src.mag.museum.research"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/pl/places/lake-rabisha/","slug":"mag.lake","url":"/pl/map/#mag.lake","number":2,"x":13.5625,"y":23.20699,"inside":true,"viewX":25.76399070967742,"viewY":36.128714348387106}],"extent":[0,0,1,1],"orientation":[{"name":"Sofia","kind":"town","x":22.774,"y":50.826,"viewX":28.210374193548386,"viewY":65.15565290322583},{"name":"Płowdiw","kind":"town","x":40.566,"y":65.549,"viewX":50.24949677419356,"viewY":84.02958903225807},{"name":"Warna","kind":"town","x":80.184,"y":37.187,"viewX":99.32469677419355,"viewY":47.67133483870968},{"name":"Burgas","kind":"town","x":74.532,"y":55.892,"viewX":92.32350967741935,"viewY":71.64993806451615},{"name":"Ruse","kind":"town","x":55.821,"y":20.617,"viewX":69.14601290322581,"viewY":26.42966387096775},{"name":"Wielkie 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nad głową","body":"W dolnym rzędzie widzisz człowieka i czworonożne zwierzę. Wyżej są postacie z rękami nad głową. Ręce czasem tworzą zamknięty krąg. Tułowia niektórych postaci przypominają dwa połączone trójkąty.\n\nBadacze odczytują grupy jako polowanie, taniec lub obrzęd. Obrzęd to czynność, którą ludzie powtarzają ze względu na swoje wierzenia. Ściana nie zachowała jednak wyjaśnienia twórców. Nie możemy nazwać święta ani ludzi. Najpierw przyjrzyj się kształtom. Potem zastanów się, co widać, a co dodajemy jako interpretację.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-480.0266d1e6.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-960.0266d1e6.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-1600.0266d1e6.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-2400.0266d1e6.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#7e7468","h":1349,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-960.0266d1e6.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-960.0266d1e6.webp","id":"asset.mag.hunting","alt":"Ciemne postacie ludzi i zwierząt w dwóch rzędach na skale.","objectCaption":"Malowana postać","caption":"Kompozycja interpretowana jako polowanie i taniec","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. A composition interpreted as hunting and dancing. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. A composition interpreted as hunting and dancing. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magura_cave_hunting_scene_1519.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"hmag-person","x":0.369,"y":0.755,"title":"Postać ludzka","body":"Postać z rozpostartymi rękami w dolnym rzędzie. Nazwanie jej „myśliwym” jest interpretacją sceny.","sourceIds":["src.mag.arca2014","src.mag.photo.hunting"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"hmag-animal","x":0.488,"y":0.741,"title":"Czworonóg","body":"Obok postaci ludzkiej znajduje się czworonożne zwierzę. Na podstawie tej sylwetki nie określamy jego gatunku.","sourceIds":["src.mag.arca2014","src.mag.photo.hunting"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"hmag-raised","x":0.398,"y":0.251,"title":"Uniesione ręce","body":"Górna postać ma ręce nad głową. Taniec lub obrzęd to możliwa interpretacja, a nie zachowany przekaz autora rysunku.","sourceIds":["src.mag.arca2014","src.mag.photo.hunting"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":32.987291666666664,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.magura-cave.magura-cave.s3-figures","duration":33.109,"src":"/audio/pl/magura-cave/s3-figures.998725f1.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.mag.arca2014"},{"id":"src.mag.photo.hunting"},{"id":"src.mag.photo.figures"}]},{"id":"magura-cave.s4-calendar","number":4,"kind":"artifact","title":"Krąg z promieniami","body":"Na innej ścianie znajduje się duży krąg z promieniami. Pod nim na przemian występują ciemne i jasne kwadraty. Wokół znajdują się znaki w kształcie litery T. Krąg interpretuje się jako słońce. Kształty T porównywano do toporów, ale i to nie jest pewne.\n\nWedług jednej z interpretacji kompozycja jest kalendarzem: znaki oznaczają dni i święta. Kalendarzowe znaczenie jest propozycją interpretacji. Możesz policzyć plamy na zdjęciu. Samo to nie dowodzi, jak liczył je twórca. Czego jeszcze potrzebujesz, by przyjąć kalendarzowe odczytanie?","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-calendar-480.ed7f21ce.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-calendar-960.ed7f21ce.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-calendar-1600.ed7f21ce.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-calendar-2400.ed7f21ce.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#7e6f5d","h":1349,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-calendar-960.ed7f21ce.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-mag-calendar-960.ed7f21ce.webp","id":"asset.mag.calendar","alt":"Ciemne kręgi z promieniami, znaki w kształcie litery T i rząd kwadratów na jasnej skale.","objectCaption":"Znaki nazywane „kalendarzem”","caption":"Znaki nazywane „kalendarzem”","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. The signs called a calendar. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. The signs called a calendar. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magura_cave_calendar_1528.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"hmag-rays","x":0.535,"y":0.565,"title":"Krąg z promieniami","body":"Krąg z kreskami rozchodzącymi się na zewnątrz. Jest interpretowany jako znak słońca.","sourceIds":["src.mag.arca2014","src.mag.photo.calendar"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"hmag-checks","x":0.489,"y":0.75,"title":"Rząd kwadratów","body":"Naprzemienne ciemne i jasne pola są częścią interpretacji kalendarzowej. Nie wiemy na pewno, jak je liczono.","sourceIds":["src.mag.arca2014","src.mag.photo.calendar"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"hmag-t","x":0.35,"y":0.471,"title":"Znak w kształcie litery T","body":"Kształt jest widoczny. Porównanie takich znaków do toporów jest hipotezą.","sourceIds":["src.mag.arca2014","src.mag.photo.calendar"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":34.763625,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.magura-cave.magura-cave.s4-calendar","duration":34.859,"src":"/audio/pl/magura-cave/s4-calendar.880c144d.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.mag.arca2014"},{"id":"src.mag.photo.calendar"}]},{"id":"magura-cave.a1-reading","number":5,"kind":"activity","title":"Zadanie: czego dowodzi krąg","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.mag.reading","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Co możemy powiedzieć o „kalendarzu”?","sourceIds":["src.mag.arca2014","src.mag.photo.calendar"],"items":[{"id":"opt-reading","label":"To możliwa interpretacja znaków."},{"id":"opt-agreed","label":"Samo zdjęcie dowodzi, że to kalendarz.","whyWrong":"Zdjęcie pokazuje kształty, ale nie dowodzi ich znaczenia."},{"id":"opt-count","label":"Sposób liczenia znaków przez malarza jest znany.","whyWrong":"Nasz wynik nie dowodzi, jak liczono w przeszłości."}],"explanation":"Krąg i kwadraty są widoczne. 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Podczas badań widoczne skupiska grzybów występowały w osadach guana. Na malowanych ścianach grzybów było niewiele. 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