{"version":2,"locale":"pl","id":"story.nikopol-1396","hasFind":true,"slug":"nikopol-1396","url":"/pl/stories/nikopol-1396/","topic":"Nikopol","title":"Dlaczego wyprawa zatrzymała się pod Nikopolem?","summary":"Zygmunt zbiera sojuszników przeciwko osmańskiej ekspansji. Wojsko dociera nad Dunajem do Widynia i Nikopola. Przez wydarzenia prowadzą nas hełm z epoki i relacja jeńca.","cover":{"title":"Dlaczego wyprawa zatrzymała się pod Nikopolem?","subtitle":"Zygmunt, Bajazyd i bitwa z 1396 roku","hook":"Dlaczego sojusznicy przegrali pod Nikopolem?","summary":"Zygmunt zbiera sojuszników przeciwko osmańskiej ekspansji. Wojsko dociera nad Dunajem do Widynia i Nikopola. Przez wydarzenia prowadzą nas hełm z epoki i relacja jeńca.","takeaway":"Naszym zdaniem spór przed atakiem pokazuje, jak trudno było sojusznikom działać wspólnie. Klęska umocniła władzę osmańską, ale losów wszystkich ziem bułgarskich nie można sprowadzić do jednej daty."},"sortYear":1396,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.tsardom2","styleId":"tsardom2","sortOrder":3,"title":"Drugie Carstwo Bułgarskie","dateLabel":"1185–1396","eraShort":"Drugie carstwo","slug":"tsardom2","fill":"#86554A","ink":"#F6EEEA","raised":"#754A41","dark":"#805B59"},"epochId":"epoch.tsardom2","placeShort":"Nikopol","date":"1396","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-cutout-480.d422969e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-cutout-960.d422969e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-cutout-1205.d422969e.avif","w":1205}],"dominant":"#605650","h":1881,"w":1205,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-cutout-960.d422969e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-cutout-960.d422969e.webp","id":"asset.nik.helmet-cutout","alt":"Wycięty detal; tło usunięte. Spiczasty stalowy hełm z otworem na twarz i małymi otworami na powierzchni.","objectCaption":"Hełm","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Nieznany włoski rzemieślnik; zdjęcie: Metropolitan Museum of Art. · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bascinet_MET_DP-12880-041x.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"},"scenes":[{"id":"nikopol-1396.s1-allies","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Zygmunt zbiera sojuszników","body":"W 1396 r. król Węgier Zygmunt zbiera wojsko przeciwko Osmanom, poddanym sułtana. Sułtan to tytuł ich władcy. Przybywają francuscy rycerze. Rycerz jest wojownikiem ze stanu szlacheckiego, którego członkowie mają szczególne prawa. Zwykle szkoli się do walki konnej. Jan z Nevers prowadzi wojowników z Burgundii, władztwa w Europie Zachodniej. Nie wszyscy są rycerzami. Jest to krucjata: wojna w sprawie chrześcijańskiej, popierana przez papieża. Jej uczestnicy mają jednak różne cele.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-sigismund-480.af78c3a8.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-sigismund-960.af78c3a8.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-sigismund-1067.af78c3a8.avif","w":1067}],"dominant":"#503316","h":1600,"w":1067,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-sigismund-960.af78c3a8.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-sigismund-960.af78c3a8.webp","id":"asset.nik.sigismund","alt":"Malowany portret brodatego Zygmunta w futrzanej czapce.","objectCaption":"Malowany portret brodatego Zygmunta w futrzanej czapce.","caption":"","kindLabel":"Rysunek","kind":"artwork","visibleKind":"Rysunek","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Nieznany artysta; dawniej przypisywany Pisanello. 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Ten rodzaj nazywa się basinetem. Muzeum datuje go na około 1375–1400 r., na czas wyprawy. Przedmiot pochodzi z Włoch. Wyraźnie widać spiczasty szczyt i otwór na twarz. Na powierzchni widać małe otwory. Hełmu nie znaleziono pod Nikopolem. Odkryto go w 1840 r. w twierdzy Chalkida na wyspie Eubei, w dzisiejszej Grecji. Znaleziono tam także inne zbroje, czyli ochronny ubiór wojowników. Nie wiemy, kto go nosił.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-480.40c32881.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-1600.40c32881.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#999998","h":2400,"w":1903,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.webp","id":"asset.nik.helmet","alt":"Spiczasty stalowy hełm z otworem na twarz i małymi otworami na powierzchni.","objectCaption":"Hełm","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Nieznany włoski rzemieślnik; zdjęcie: Metropolitan Museum of Art. · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bascinet_MET_DP-12880-041x.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-helmet-point","x":0.52,"y":0.1,"title":"Spiczasty szczyt","body":"Widać wysoki szczyt stalowego hełmu. Muzeum datuje go na około 1375–1400 r.","sourceIds":["src.nik.met.bascinet","src.nik.image.helmet"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-helmet-face","x":0.31,"y":0.66,"title":"Otwór na twarz","body":"W pokazanym stanie hełmu otwór pozostawia twarz odsłoniętą.","sourceIds":["src.nik.image.helmet"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-helmet-holes","x":0.56,"y":0.53,"title":"Małe otwory","body":"W stali są małe otwory. Nie ustalono tu przyczyny powstania każdego z nich.","sourceIds":["src.nik.image.helmet"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":33.82320833333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.s3-helmet","duration":33.92,"src":"/audio/pl/nikopol-1396/s3-helmet.5151c858.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.met.bascinet"},{"id":"src.nik.image.helmet"}]},{"id":"nikopol-1396.s4-battle","number":4,"kind":"narrative","title":"Jan domaga się pierwszego ataku","body":"We wrześniu 1396 r. wojska spotykają się pod Nikopolem. Według Schiltbergera Jan z Nevers domaga się, by jego ludzie zaatakowali jako pierwsi. Król chce, by zaczęli Węgrzy, którzy walczyli już z Osmanami. W tej relacji pierwsi atakujący przełamują przednie siły, lecz potem zostają otoczeni. Zygmunt kontynuuje walkę z pozostałymi siłami. Po stronie Bajazyda walczy także serbski władca Stefan Łazariewicz. Jest wasalem: uznaje silniejszego władcę i jest mu winien służbę. Wojsko Bajazyda zwycięża.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-480.40c32881.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-1600.40c32881.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#999998","h":2400,"w":1903,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.webp","id":"asset.nik.helmet","alt":"Spiczasty stalowy hełm z otworem na twarz i małymi otworami na powierzchni.","objectCaption":"Hełm","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Nieznany włoski rzemieślnik; zdjęcie: Metropolitan Museum of Art. · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bascinet_MET_DP-12880-041x.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-battle-miniature-480.1b887476.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-battle-miniature-960.1b887476.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-battle-miniature-1097.1b887476.avif","w":1097}],"dominant":"#7d7478","h":1600,"w":1097,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-battle-miniature-960.1b887476.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-battle-miniature-960.1b887476.webp","id":"asset.nik.battle-miniature","alt":"Miniatura przedstawiająca uzbrojonych jeźdźców, działa i ufortyfikowane budynki.","objectCaption":"Miniatura przedstawiająca uzbrojonych jeźdźców, działa i ufortyfikowane budynki.","caption":"","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Nieznany osmański artysta; skan: Szilas, według Géza Fehér, Török miniatúrák (Будапеща: Corvina, 1978). · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unidentified Ottoman artist; scan: Szilas, from Géza Fehér, Török miniatúrák (Budapest: Corvina, 1978). Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Later Ottoman miniature presented on Commons as the Battle of Nicopolis. Commons lists Topkapı, Hazine 1523, folio 108b. Its identification and date still need a catalogue check. The guns and buildings do not establish the battle’s appearance in 1396. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unidentified Ottoman artist; scan: Szilas, from Géza Fehér, Török miniatúrák (Budapest: Corvina, 1978). Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Later Ottoman miniature presented on Commons as the Battle of Nicopolis. Commons lists Topkapı, Hazine 1523, folio 108b. Its identification and date still need a catalogue check. The guns and buildings do not establish the battle’s appearance in 1396. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Nicopolis.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":34.57783333333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.s4-battle","duration":34.688,"src":"/audio/pl/nikopol-1396/s4-battle.f0e3420a.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"},{"id":"src.nik.celik2023"},{"id":"src.nik.dimitrov1998"},{"id":"src.nik.image.battle-miniature"}]},{"id":"nikopol-1396.a1-alliance","number":5,"kind":"activity","title":"Zadanie: sojusze","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.nik.alliance","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Kto walczy po stronie Bajazyda?","sourceIds":["src.nik.celik2023","src.nik.schiltberger1879"],"items":[{"id":"opt-sigismund","label":"Zygmunt, król Węgier","whyWrong":"Zygmunt prowadzi przeciwne wojsko, które oblega Nikopol."},{"id":"opt-stefan","label":"Stefan Łazariewicz"},{"id":"opt-nevers","label":"Jan z Nevers","whyWrong":"Jan z Nevers prowadzi oddział burgundzki wśród krzyżowców."}],"explanation":"Łazariewicz jest wasalem Bajazyda i walczy w jego wojsku. Chrześcijanin walczy po stronie sułtana. Możemy z tego wywnioskować, że sama religia nie wyjaśnia sojuszy.","correctItemId":"opt-stefan","sources":[{"id":"src.nik.celik2023"},{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":2.6039583333333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.a1-alliance","duration":2.731,"src":"/audio/pl/nikopol-1396/a1-alliance.c1786129.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.celik2023"},{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"}]},{"id":"nikopol-1396.s5-witness","number":6,"kind":"artifact","title":"Jeniec, który opowiada","body":"Johann Schiltberger dostaje się do niewoli. Po powrocie w 1427 r. opowiada o swoich przeżyciach. Pokazana karta to początek późniejszego odpisu rękopiśmiennego, czyli tekstu przepisanego ręcznie. Nie jest to notatnik pisany na polu bitwy. Relacja uczestnika jest ważna, ale nie każdy jej szczegół jest dokładny. Nie znamy dokładnej liczby walczących.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-schiltberger-480.1f6bd018.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-schiltberger-960.1f6bd018.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-schiltberger-1159.1f6bd018.avif","w":1159}],"dominant":"#9f9d8d","h":1631,"w":1159,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-schiltberger-960.1f6bd018.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-schiltberger-960.1f6bd018.webp","id":"asset.nik.schiltberger","alt":"Karta rękopisu z dużą czerwoną inicjalną literą i wierszami ciemnego tekstu.","objectCaption":"Karta rękopisu z dużą czerwoną inicjalną literą i wierszami ciemnego tekstu.","caption":"","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Nieznany kopista; tekst: Johann Schiltberger; digitalizacja: Biblioteka Uniwersytecka w Heidelbergu; przycięta wersja z Commons. · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Anonymous scribe; text: Johann Schiltberger; digitisation: Heidelberg University Library; crop as credited on Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Cod. Pal. germ. 216, folio 1r, Heidelberg University Library. A later manuscript copy, not a battlefield notebook. Cropped version from Commons. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Anonymous scribe; text: Johann Schiltberger; digitisation: Heidelberg University Library; crop as credited on Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Cod. Pal. germ. 216, folio 1r, Heidelberg University Library. A later manuscript copy, not a battlefield notebook. Cropped version from Commons. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod._Pal._germ._216_Schiltberger_Heidelberger_Handschrift_1r_cropped.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-witness-initial","x":0.15,"y":0.12,"title":"Inicjał","body":"Duża czerwona litera oznacza początek relacji w tej kopii. Rękopis to książka przepisana ręcznie.","sourceIds":["src.nik.image.schiltberger"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-witness-name","x":0.48,"y":0.07,"title":"Imię i nazwisko autora relacji","body":"W pierwszym wierszu widnieje imię i nazwisko Johann Schiltberger.","sourceIds":["src.nik.image.schiltberger","src.nik.schiltberger1879"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":23.827,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.s5-witness","duration":23.936,"src":"/audio/pl/nikopol-1396/s5-witness.28d92a6d.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"},{"id":"src.nik.barany2015"},{"id":"src.nik.image.schiltberger"}]},{"id":"nikopol-1396.a2-sequence","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Zadanie: co było wcześniej","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.nik.sequence","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Ułóż wydarzenia zgodnie z relacją.","sourceIds":["src.nik.schiltberger1879"],"items":[{"id":"ev-vidin","label":"Wojsko dociera do Widynia"},{"id":"ev-siege","label":"Krzyżowcy oblegają Nikopol"},{"id":"ev-battle","label":"Wojsko Bajazyda zwycięża pod Nikopolem"},{"id":"ev-return","label":"Powrót Schiltbergera"}],"explanation":"Widyń leży przed Nikopolem na drodze wojska. Gdy przybywa Bajazyd, oblężenie już trwa. Schiltberger zostaje pojmany w bitwie i wraca po latach.","correctOrderIds":["ev-vidin","ev-siege","ev-battle","ev-return"],"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.1032083333333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.a2-sequence","duration":3.2,"src":"/audio/pl/nikopol-1396/a2-sequence.2f8012b5.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"}]},{"id":"nikopol-1396.s6-consequences","number":8,"kind":"narrative","title":"Zygmunt uchodzi statkiem","body":"Zygmunt uchodzi statkiem. Dla wielu innych odwrót kończy się śmiercią lub niewolą. Część jeńców zostaje zabita. Inni stają się niewolnikami: tracą wolność i mogą zostać sprzedani. Za uwolnienie niektórych szlachciców żąda się pieniędzy zwanych okupem. Iwan Sracimir także dostaje się do niewoli. 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