{"version":2,"locale":"pl","id":"story.perperikon","hasFind":true,"slug":"perperikon","url":"/pl/stories/perperikon/","topic":"Perperikon","title":"Miasto wykute we wzgórzu","summary":"Pomieszczenia w skale, woda w głębokim zagłębieniu i sporna hipoteza. Perperikon z bliska: od starożytności po średniowiecze i wykopaliska rozpoczęte w 2000 r.","cover":{"title":"Miasto wykute we wzgórzu","subtitle":"Perperikon: skała, miasto i sporna wyrocznia","hook":"Jak zbudować miasto ze skały?","summary":"Pomieszczenia w skale, woda w głębokim zagłębieniu i sporna hipoteza. Perperikon z bliska: od starożytności po średniowiecze i wykopaliska rozpoczęte w 2000 r.","takeaway":"Widoczne pozostałości i ich interpretacje to różne rodzaje wiedzy."},"sortYear":46,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.antiquity","styleId":"antiquity","sortOrder":6,"title":"Główny okres: Starożytność: Trakowie, Grecy, Rzymianie","dateLabel":"I tysiąclecie p.n.e. – VI wiek n.e.","eraShort":"Główny okres: Starożytność","slug":"antiquity","fill":"#D4CBBE","ink":"#221616","raised":"#DAD3C8","dark":"#6B6862"},"epochId":"epoch.antiquity","placeShort":"Perperikon","date":"Starożytność–średniowiecze","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-perp-08-cutout-480.26124ce5.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-perp-08-cutout-825.26124ce5.avif","w":825}],"dominant":"#4f483f","h":769,"w":825,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-perp-08-cutout-825.26124ce5.webp","w":825}],"src":"/media/asset-perp-08-cutout-825.26124ce5.webp","id":"asset.perp.08-cutout","alt":"Wycięty detal; tło usunięte. Kamienny dysk z dwoma otworami na stanowisku archeologicznym Perperikon.","objectCaption":"Kamienny dysk","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Kritzolina · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Kritzolina, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Site today. Original file, unmodified. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Kritzolina, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Site today. Original file, unmodified. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Archaeological_complex_of_Perperikon_08.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"perperikon.s1-rock-city","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Pomieszczenie w skale","body":"Fotografia pokazuje pomieszczenia wykute w skale. W Perperikonie ludzie drążyli samo wzgórze. Wycinali w nim pomieszczenia, ulice i dziedzińce. Nad dolnymi kondygnacjami wykutymi w skale wznosili mury i układali belki. Dziś ruiny przypominają domy pozbawione górnej połowy.\n\nKolejne pokolenia zmieniały wzgórze. Prześledź krawędź jednego z pomieszczeń. Gdzie kończy się skała, a zaczyna mur?","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-perp-01-480.e7510926.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-perp-01-960.e7510926.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-perp-01-1600.e7510926.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#636d6e","h":1067,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-perp-01-960.e7510926.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-perp-01-960.e7510926.webp","id":"asset.perp.01","alt":"Mury wśród skał na stanowisku archeologicznym Perperikon.","objectCaption":"Mury wśród skał na stanowisku archeologicznym Perperikon.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Kritzolina · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Kritzolina, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Site today. Original file, unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Kritzolina, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Site today. Original file, unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Archaeological_complex_of_Perperikon_01.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":24.604875,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.perperikon.perperikon.s1-rock-city","duration":24.704,"src":"/audio/pl/perperikon/s1-rock-city.1dc7e37f.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.perp.tourism"}]},{"id":"perperikon.s2-hill","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Schody na szczycie","body":"Znajdź Perperikon na mapie. Wzgórze leży we wschodnich Rodopach, w pobliżu wsi Gorna krepost i dzisiejszego Kyrdżali. Punkt wskazuje przybliżone położenie, bez dawnych granic.\n\nSą tu ślady sięgające epoki kamienia i miedzi. Ludzie używali wówczas zarówno kamienia, jak i miedzi. Później miejsce wiązano z Trakami, dawnymi społecznościami Bałkanów. Współczesny program wykopalisk rozpoczął się w 2000 r. Archeolodzy odsłaniają na szczycie ufortyfikowaną osadę. Znajdują skalne schody, rowki i nisze, czyli niewielkie zagłębienia w kamieniu. Kto je wykonał i do czego służyły?","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Przybliżony obszar skalistego wzgórza w pobliżu Górnej Kreposti we wschodnich Rodopach. Nie przedstawia dawnych granic.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.perp.perperikon","name":"Perperikon","latitude":41.714722,"longitude":25.465278,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":300,"sourceIds":["src.perp.wikidata","src.perp.nekhrizov"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/pl/places/perperikon/","slug":"perp.perperikon","url":"/pl/map/#perp.perperikon"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-1536.8876519a.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-2048.4c826249.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-3072.8876519a.avif","w":3072}]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief-dark@3x.jpg?v=0941a59d06","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-1024.73ab39a9.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-1536.4f3ca147.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-2048.73ab39a9.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-3072.4f3ca147.avif","w":3072}]},"places":[{"note":"Przybliżony obszar skalistego wzgórza w pobliżu Górnej Kreposti we wschodnich Rodopach. Nie przedstawia dawnych granic.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.perp.perperikon","name":"Perperikon","latitude":41.714722,"longitude":25.465278,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":300,"sourceIds":["src.perp.wikidata","src.perp.nekhrizov"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/pl/places/perperikon/","slug":"perp.perperikon","url":"/pl/map/#perp.perperikon","number":1,"x":49.56598,"y":76.47864,"inside":true,"viewX":50.0,"viewY":69.84713398709677}],"extent":[0,0,1,1],"orientation":[{"name":"Sofia","kind":"town","x":22.774,"y":50.826,"viewX":16.812515096774185,"viewY":36.962104516129024},{"name":"Płowdiw","kind":"town","x":40.566,"y":65.549,"viewX":38.851637677419355,"viewY":55.83604064516129},{"name":"Warna","kind":"town","x":80.184,"y":37.187,"viewX":87.92683767741936,"viewY":19.477786451612886},{"name":"Burgas","kind":"town","x":74.532,"y":55.892,"viewX":80.92565058064515,"viewY":43.45638967741935},{"name":"Ruse","kind":"town","x":55.821,"y":20.617,"viewX":57.748153806451604,"viewY":-1.763884516129049},{"name":"Wielkie Tyrnowo","kind":"town","x":51.465,"y":40.853,"viewX":52.352334451612904,"viewY":24.17736193548386},{"name":"Plewen","kind":"town","x":38.834,"y":31.796,"viewX":36.70619251612903,"viewY":12.566872258064501},{"name":"Stara Zagora","kind":"town","x":51.681,"y":57.962,"viewX":52.61989574193547,"viewY":46.10999612903225},{"name":"Szumen","kind":"town","x":67.951,"y":35.671,"viewX":72.77370219354837,"viewY":17.534372258064497},{"name":"Widyń","kind":"town","x":17.099,"y":16.308,"viewX":9.782837677419348,"viewY":-7.287744516129052},{"name":"Błagojewgrad","kind":"town","x":19.929,"y":68.531,"viewX":13.288386064516121,"viewY":59.658772258064516},{"name":"Chaskowo","kind":"town","x":50.694,"y":70.78,"viewX":51.397289290322576,"viewY":62.54184516129031},{"name":"Smolan","kind":"town","x":40.014,"y":80.031,"viewX":38.16786993548387,"viewY":74.40103032258065},{"name":"Sliwen","kind":"town","x":60.286,"y":51.247,"viewX":63.27899251612904,"viewY":37.501799354838695},{"name":"Dobricz","kind":"town","x":79.091,"y":27.65,"viewX":86.57292799999998,"viewY":7.251967741935463},{"name":"Pernik","kind":"town","x":19.223,"y":53.257,"viewX":12.413857032258056,"viewY":40.07848967741934},{"name":"Jamboł","kind":"town","x":62.544,"y":56.432,"viewX":66.07599896774194,"viewY":44.14863483870967},{"name":"Pazardżik","kind":"town","x":35.42,"y":64.052,"viewX":32.47723767741935,"viewY":53.91698322580646},{"name":"Wraca","kind":"town","x":25.661,"y":37.29,"viewX":20.388669935483865,"viewY":19.6098258064516},{"name":"Gabrowo","kind":"town","x":47.734,"y":46.177,"viewX":47.73070864516129,"viewY":31.00238645161289},{"name":"Kyrdżali","kind":"town","x":48.471,"y":78.573,"viewX":48.64363767741935,"viewY":72.53196838709675},{"name":"Kiustendił","kind":"town","x":14.889,"y":61.673,"viewX":7.0452892903225734,"viewY":50.86725870967741},{"name":"Montana","kind":"town","x":21.563,"y":31.916,"viewX":15.312437677419346,"viewY":12.720704516129016},{"name":"Łowecz","kind":"town","x":40.178,"y":39.23,"viewX":38.37101832258064,"viewY":22.096780645161274},{"name":"Silistra","kind":"town","x":72.008,"y":13.056,"viewX":77.7991473548387,"viewY":-11.456598709677444},{"name":"Tyrgowiszte","kind":"town","x":63.402,"y":36.202,"viewX":67.13881187096774,"viewY":18.215079999999986},{"name":"Razgrad","kind":"town","x":62.709,"y":28.698,"viewX":66.28038606451612,"viewY":8.595436129032242},{"name":"Kazanłyk","kind":"town","x":48.661,"y":52.884,"viewX":48.878992516129024,"viewY":39.60032774193547},{"name":"Dunaj","kind":"nature","x":46.384,"y":23.924,"viewX":46.05845058064516,"viewY":2.4754761290322405},{"name":"Morze Czarne","kind":"nature","x":86.25,"y":45.496,"viewX":95.44085058064516,"viewY":30.129388387096768},{"name":"Stara Płanina","kind":"nature","x":41.25,"y":49.45,"viewX":39.698915096774186,"viewY":35.198161290322574},{"name":"Riła","kind":"nature","x":25.625,"y":65.69,"viewX":20.344076387096766,"viewY":56.01679354838708},{"name":"Pirin","kind":"nature","x":24.125,"y":75.565,"viewX":18.486011870967733,"viewY":68.67590645161289},{"name":"Rodopy","kind":"nature","x":38.75,"y":79.447,"viewX":36.6021409032258,"viewY":73.65238},{"name":"Strandża","kind":"nature","x":76.25,"y":67.774,"viewX":83.0537538064516,"viewY":58.68834709677419}],"crop":{"sx":0.8072916666666666,"sy":0.7800704579768494,"x":0.09201396666666672,"y":0.21992954202315063},"credit":{"id":"map-relief"}},"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":37.84025,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.perperikon.perperikon.s2-hill","duration":37.931,"src":"/audio/pl/perperikon/s2-hill.89b0568a.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.perp.bilde2008"},{"id":"src.perp.nekhrizov"},{"id":"src.perp.wikidata"}]},{"id":"perperikon.s3-water","number":3,"kind":"artifact","title":"Woda w kamieniu","body":"Na zdjęciu widać głębokie, wykute zagłębienie z wodą. U góry znajduje się współczesna barierka ochronna. Portal miejski opisuje dużą cysternę na Akropolu, czyli w ufortyfikowanej górnej części miasta. Nie potwierdziliśmy, że zdjęcie przedstawia właśnie ją. Cysterna to urządzenie do zbierania i przechowywania wody.\n\nMiasto miało też system odwadniania: kanały odprowadzające deszczówkę. Sama woda na zdjęciu nie dowodzi przeznaczenia zagłębienia. Nie każde zagłębienie jest ołtarzem, miejscem składania darów lub ofiar. Co widzisz na pewno?","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-perp-10-480.7f8f9127.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-perp-10-960.7f8f9127.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-perp-10-1600.7f8f9127.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#6c6f5f","h":1600,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-perp-10-960.7f8f9127.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-perp-10-960.7f8f9127.webp","id":"asset.perp.10","alt":"Głębokie zagłębienie wykute w skale, wypełnione wodą i otoczone metalową barierką ochronną na Perperikonie.","objectCaption":"Głębokie zagłębienie wykute w skale, wypełnione wodą i otoczone metalową barierką ochronną na Perperikonie.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Kritzolina · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Kritzolina, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Site today. Original file, unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Kritzolina, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Site today. Original file, unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Archaeological_complex_of_Perperikon_10.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-perp-rock","x":0.25,"y":0.43,"title":"Skalna ściana","body":"Zagłębienie wykuto w skale.","sourceIds":["src.perp.photo10"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-perp-water","x":0.44,"y":0.8,"title":"Woda","body":"Na współczesnym zdjęciu w dole widać wodę. Nie pozwala to określić daty powstania obiektu.","sourceIds":["src.perp.photo10"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-perp-rail","x":0.74,"y":0.12,"title":"Współczesna barierka","body":"Metalowa barierka to współczesne zabezpieczenie, a nie starożytny mur.","sourceIds":["src.perp.photo10"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":34.844875,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.perperikon.perperikon.s3-water","duration":34.944,"src":"/audio/pl/perperikon/s3-water.856f3b8d.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.perp.photo10"},{"id":"src.perp.cistern"},{"id":"src.perp.tourism"}]},{"id":"perperikon.s4-oracle","number":4,"kind":"narrative","title":"Wino i płomień","body":"Archeolodzy opisują owalną salę z okrągłym skalnym ołtarzem, miejscem składania darów lub ofiar. Istnieje sporna hipoteza, że była to wyrocznia Dionizosa, boga związanego z winem. Wyrocznia to miejsce, w którym ludzie szukali przepowiedni.\n\nPewna legenda opowiada o Gajuszu Oktawiuszu, ojcu przyszłego cesarza Augusta. Kapłani przepowiadają władzę jego syna na podstawie płomienia wina na ołtarzu. Opowieść porównuje ten znak ze znakiem Aleksandra Wielkiego. Nie wymienia jednak Perperikonu. Nie dowodzi, że Gajusz Oktawiusz lub Aleksander tu przybyli.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-perp-02-480.bb2c41dc.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-perp-02-960.bb2c41dc.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-perp-02-1600.bb2c41dc.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#757d74","h":1067,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-perp-02-960.bb2c41dc.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-perp-02-960.bb2c41dc.webp","id":"asset.perp.02","alt":"Pomieszczenia wykute w skale nad doliną na stanowisku archeologicznym Perperikon.","objectCaption":"Pomieszczenia wykute w skale nad doliną na stanowisku archeologicznym Perperikon.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Kritzolina · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Kritzolina, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Site today. Original file, unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Kritzolina, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Site today. Original file, unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Archaeological_complex_of_Perperikon_02.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":35.3325,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.perperikon.perperikon.s4-oracle","duration":35.456,"src":"/audio/pl/perperikon/s4-oracle.477b00c8.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.perp.bilde2008"},{"id":"src.perp.afp2003"},{"id":"src.perp.iliev2013"},{"id":"src.perp.suetonius"}]},{"id":"perperikon.a1-evidence","number":5,"kind":"activity","title":"Zadanie: co wiemy","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.perp.evidence","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Co możemy powiedzieć o słynnej wyroczni?","sourceIds":["src.perp.iliev2013","src.perp.afp2003","src.perp.bilde2008","src.perp.suetonius"],"items":[{"id":"opt-hypothesis","label":"Związek z Perperikonem jest sporną hipotezą."},{"id":"opt-proof","label":"Okrągłe zagłębienie wskazuje świątynię Dionizosa.","whyWrong":"Kształt nie dowodzi, jakiemu bogu służyło to miejsce."},{"id":"opt-name","label":"Swetoniusz wymienia Perperikon.","whyWrong":"W tym fragmencie Swetoniusz wspomina Trację, ale nie wymienia Perperikonu."}],"explanation":"Owczarow proponuje ten związek; Iliew kwestionuje jego podstawy. Sama skalna budowla nie wskazuje, jakiemu bóstwu służyła.","correctItemId":"opt-hypothesis","sources":[{"id":"src.perp.iliev2013"},{"id":"src.perp.afp2003"},{"id":"src.perp.bilde2008"},{"id":"src.perp.suetonius"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.16125,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.perperikon.perperikon.a1-evidence","duration":3.285,"src":"/audio/pl/perperikon/a1-evidence.298b00fc.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.perp.iliev2013"},{"id":"src.perp.afp2003"},{"id":"src.perp.bilde2008"},{"id":"src.perp.suetonius"}]},{"id":"perperikon.s5-disc","number":6,"kind":"artifact","title":"Kamienny dysk z dwoma otworami","body":"Przed tobą kamienny dysk z dwoma otworami. Jeden znajduje się blisko środka, drugi u góry po prawej. Zdjęcie nie pokazuje, kiedy wykonano dysk ani czy zawsze tu stał.\n\nW 46 r. n.e. królestwo trackie stało się rzymską prowincją, obszarem pod władzą Rzymu. W Perperikonie wznoszono budynki publiczne i świątynie. Nie oznacza to, że każdy kamień na zdjęciu jest rzymski. Za dyskiem widać mur z osobnych bloków. Do ustalenia daty potrzebne są znaleziska i ich kontekst wykopaliskowy.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-perp-08-480.8d260b30.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-perp-08-960.8d260b30.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-perp-08-1600.8d260b30.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-perp-08-2400.8d260b30.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#777a71","h":1600,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-perp-08-960.8d260b30.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-perp-08-960.8d260b30.webp","id":"asset.perp.08","alt":"Kamienny dysk z dwoma otworami na stanowisku archeologicznym Perperikon.","objectCaption":"Kamienny dysk","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Kritzolina · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Kritzolina, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Site today. Original file, unmodified. 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Opisane kościoły zbudowano wieki później. 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