{"version":2,"locale":"pl","id":"story.samuil-kleidion-1014","hasFind":true,"slug":"samuil-kleidion-1014","url":"/pl/stories/samuil-kleidion-1014/","topic":"Samuel","title":"Samuel: jak przetrwać niemal czterdzieści lat","summary":"Kamienna inskrypcja zachowuje imiona jednej rodziny. Na monecie widzimy Bazylego II, przeciwnika Samuela. Klęska pod Kleidion nie oznacza końca państwa.","cover":{"title":"Samuel: jak przetrwać niemal czterdzieści lat","subtitle":"Samuel nad jeziorami i w wojnie z Bazylim II","hook":"Jak Samuel opierał się tak długo?","summary":"Kamienna inskrypcja zachowuje imiona jednej rodziny. Na monecie widzimy Bazylego II, przeciwnika Samuela. Klęska pod Kleidion nie oznacza końca państwa.","takeaway":"Twierdze i przemieszczanie dworu carskiego prawdopodobnie ułatwiały opór. Bizancjum było również zajęte wojnami wewnętrznymi. Po klęsce w 1014 r. państwo bułgarskie stawiało opór do 1018 r."},"sortYear":1014,"firstActivity":6,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.tsardom1","styleId":"tsardom1","sortOrder":5,"title":"Pierwsze Carstwo Bułgarskie","dateLabel":"681–1018","eraShort":"Pierwsze carstwo","slug":"tsardom1","fill":"#A68A68","ink":"#221616","raised":"#B39C7F","dark":"#786546"},"epochId":"epoch.tsardom1","placeShort":"Klucz i Prespa","date":"1014","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-inscription-plate-cutout-480.d0246713.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-inscription-plate-cutout-960.d0246713.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-inscription-plate-cutout-1600.d0246713.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-inscription-plate-cutout-2400.d0246713.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#928983","h":1316,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-inscription-plate-cutout-960.d0246713.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-sam-inscription-plate-cutout-960.d0246713.webp","id":"asset.sam.inscription-plate-cutout","alt":"Wycięty detal; tło usunięte. Historyczna reprodukcja drukowana płyty z German z trzema krzyżami i krótką inskrypcją.","objectCaption":"Inskrypcja rodzinna","caption":"","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Fyodor Uspensky · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Fyodor Uspensky / Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Historical printed reproduction of the German slab with three crosses and a short inscription. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Fyodor Uspensky / Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Historical printed reproduction of the German slab with three crosses and a short inscription. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SamuilUspenskyBGHistory.png","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"},"scenes":[{"id":"samuil-kleidion-1014.s1-long-resistance","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Samuel staje na czele wojsk","body":"W 971 r. Bizantyńczycy zdobywają Presław, stolicę państwa bułgarskiego. Wydaje się, że część ziem na południowym zachodzie pozostaje poza kontrolą Bizancjum. W kolejnych latach Samuel i jego bracia stają na czele walki. Od około 976 r. do jego śmierci w 1014 r. mija niemal czterdzieści lat.\n\nPrzeciwnikiem jest Bizancjum: tak nazywamy wschodnie cesarstwo rzymskie ze stolicą w Konstantynopolu. Jego cesarzem jest Bazyli II. Samuel najpierw dowodzi wojskami, a później zostaje carem. Jak jego państwo przetrwało tak długo?","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-basil-portrait-480.20032245.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-basil-portrait-960.20032245.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-basil-portrait-1258.20032245.avif","w":1258}],"dominant":"#8d784b","h":1580,"w":1258,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-basil-portrait-960.20032245.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-sam-basil-portrait-960.20032245.webp","id":"asset.sam.basil-portrait","alt":"Miniatura z Psałterza Bazylego II, XI wiek, Wenecja, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, gr.Z.17, fol.3r. Wizerunek władzy, nie przedstawienie Kleidionu.","objectCaption":"Miniatura z Psałterza Bazylego II, XI wiek, Wenecja, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, gr.Z.17, fol.3r. Wizerunek władzy, nie przedstawienie Kleidionu.","caption":"","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Nieznany średniowieczny artysta · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unknown medieval artist / Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Miniature from the Psalter of Basil II, eleventh century, Venice, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, gr.Z.17, fol.3r. An image of authority, not a depiction of Kleidion. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown medieval artist / Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Miniature from the Psalter of Basil II, eleventh century, Venice, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, gr.Z.17, fol.3r. An image of authority, not a depiction of Kleidion. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BasilII.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":36.516708333333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.samuil-kleidion-1014.samuil-kleidion-1014.s1-long-resistance","duration":36.608,"src":"/audio/pl/samuil-kleidion-1014/s1-long-resistance.1e407737.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.sam.ziemann"},{"id":"src.sam.pmbz-samuel"},{"id":"src.sam.naim-catalogue"},{"id":"src.sam.media.basil-portrait"}]},{"id":"samuil-kleidion-1014.s2-lake-centres","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Pałace nad dwoma jeziorami","body":"Spójrz na Ochrydę i Prespę, dwa ośrodki nad jeziorami. W Ochrydzie znajdują się carskie pałace i skarbiec, czyli miejsce przechowywania bogactw władców. Twierdza stoi na wzgórzu. Prespa jest również carską rezydencją, miejscem, gdzie władca mieszka i rządzi. Wznosi się tam wielka cerkiew św. Achillesa.\n\nDwór carski tworzą władca i ludzie, którzy pomagają mu rządzić. W razie zagrożenia mogą się oni prawdopodobnie przemieszczać między tymi ośrodkami.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-ohrid-480.ba55119c.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-ohrid-960.ba55119c.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-ohrid-1600.ba55119c.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#5a5b5a","h":904,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-ohrid-960.ba55119c.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-sam-ohrid-960.ba55119c.webp","id":"asset.sam.ohrid","alt":"Współczesny wieczorny widok fortyfikacji z oświetleniem i współczesną flagą. Nie odtwarza ich wyglądu za czasów Samuela.","objectCaption":"Współczesny wieczorny widok fortyfikacji z oświetleniem i współczesną flagą. Nie odtwarza ich wyglądu za czasów Samuela.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Petar Milošević · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Petar Milošević / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. Modern evening view of the fortifications, with lighting and a modern flag. It does not reconstruct their appearance under Samuil. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Petar Milošević / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. Modern evening view of the fortifications, with lighting and a modern flag. It does not reconstruct their appearance under Samuil. 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Samuel zamawia obok nich krótki napis ku pamięci zmarłych bliskich. To jego ojciec Mikołaj, matka Rypsymia i brat Dawid. Inskrypcja pochodzi z lat 992–993. Znaleziono ją we wsi German nad Prespą.\n\nOglądamy wydany drukiem w 1899 r. wizerunek płyty. Sama płyta jest świadectwem z czasów Samuela.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-inscription-plate-480.65e2ed23.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-inscription-plate-960.65e2ed23.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-inscription-plate-1600.65e2ed23.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-inscription-plate-2400.65e2ed23.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#a7a7a7","h":1316,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-inscription-plate-960.65e2ed23.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-sam-inscription-plate-960.65e2ed23.webp","id":"asset.sam.inscription-plate","alt":"Historyczna reprodukcja drukowana płyty z German z trzema krzyżami i krótką inskrypcją.","objectCaption":"Inskrypcja rodzinna","caption":"","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Fyodor Uspensky · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Fyodor Uspensky / Wikimedia Commons. 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Obaj są cesarzami. Między nimi znajduje się krzyż. To niewielki przedmiot z państwa przeciwnika, a nie bułgarska moneta Samuela.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-coin-480.d55e5ff7.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-coin-960.d55e5ff7.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-coin-1600.d55e5ff7.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#d7b775","h":1131,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-coin-960.d55e5ff7.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-sam-coin-960.d55e5ff7.webp","id":"asset.sam.coin","alt":"Obie strony jednej złotej monety, około 1005–1025 roku. Po lewej Chrystus, po prawej dwaj cesarze z krzyżem.","objectCaption":"Obie strony jednej złotej monety, około 1005–1025 roku. 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Samuel zagradza drogę pod Kleidion, w pobliżu dzisiejszej wsi Klucz i pasma Bełasica. Bizantyński dowódca Nicefor Ksifiasz obchodzi obronę. Jego żołnierze atakują Bułgarów od tyłu. Wojsko bułgarskie zostaje rozbite; przyjmuje się datę 29 lipca.\n\nWedług późniejszej relacji Bazyli rozkazuje oślepić wziętych do niewoli żołnierzy. Nie wiemy na pewno, ilu ludzi ucierpiało i czy wszystko wydarzyło się w ten sposób. Według tej samej późniejszej relacji syn Samuela, Gabriel Radomir, pomaga mu się uratować.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-belasitsa-480.9934324e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-belasitsa-960.9934324e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-belasitsa-1600.9934324e.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#798a86","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-belasitsa-960.9934324e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-sam-belasitsa-960.9934324e.webp","id":"asset.sam.belasitsa","alt":"Współczesny krajobraz gór widzianych od strony Kerkini. Nie przedstawia pola bitwy ani dokładnej trasy obejścia.","objectCaption":"Współczesny krajobraz gór widzianych od strony Kerkini. Nie przedstawia pola bitwy ani dokładnej trasy obejścia.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Anton Lefterov · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Anton Lefterov / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. Modern landscape of the mountains seen from Kerkini. It does not show the battlefield or the exact flanking route. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Anton Lefterov / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. Modern landscape of the mountains seen from Kerkini. It does not show the battlefield or the exact flanking route. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:View_of_Belasica_mountain_range_from_Lake_Kerkini.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Przybliżony obszar, a nie dokładne położenie zapory.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.sam.kleidion","name":"Kleidion — okolice Klucza","latitude":41.36222222222222,"longitude":23.0175,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":5000,"sourceIds":["src.sam.coords.kleidion","src.sam.ziemann"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"sam.kleidion","url":"/pl/map/#sam.kleidion"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":35.680791666666664,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.samuil-kleidion-1014.samuil-kleidion-1014.s5-kleidion","duration":35.797,"src":"/audio/pl/samuil-kleidion-1014/s5-kleidion.0ba693c1.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.sam.naim-catalogue"},{"id":"src.sam.pmbz-xiphias"},{"id":"src.sam.lykaki"},{"id":"src.sam.ziemann"},{"id":"src.sam.stephenson2000"},{"id":"src.sam.stephenson2008"},{"id":"src.sam.skylitzes"},{"id":"src.sam.media.belasitsa"}]},{"id":"samuil-kleidion-1014.a2-timeline","number":8,"kind":"activity","title":"Zadanie: uporządkuj wydarzenia w czasie","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.sam.story-timeline","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Uporządkuj wydarzenia od najwcześniejszego.","sourceIds":["src.sam.ziemann","src.sam.komatina"],"items":[{"id":"ev-gates","label":"Zwycięstwo pod Bramą Trajana"},{"id":"ev-stone","label":"Inskrypcja rodzinna"},{"id":"ev-kleidion","label":"Klęska pod Kleidion"}],"explanation":"Zwycięstwo z 986 r. poprzedza inskrypcję, a bitwa z 1014 r. następuje po niej.","correctOrderIds":["ev-gates","ev-stone","ev-kleidion"],"sources":[{"id":"src.sam.ziemann"},{"id":"src.sam.komatina"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.4282916666666665,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.samuil-kleidion-1014.samuil-kleidion-1014.a2-timeline","duration":3.541,"src":"/audio/pl/samuil-kleidion-1014/a2-timeline.1e6a389b.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.sam.ziemann"},{"id":"src.sam.komatina"}]},{"id":"samuil-kleidion-1014.s6-after-samuil","number":9,"kind":"narrative","title":"Następcy kontynuują wojnę","body":"Samuel umiera jesienią 1014 r. Wojna trwa dalej. Po Samuelu rządzi jego syn Gabriel Radomir. Następnie zabija go jego kuzyn Jan Władysław i obejmuje tron.\n\nJan Władysław ginie podczas ataku na miasto Dyrrachium w 1018 r. Następnie wielu bułgarskich dowódców uznaje władzę Bazylego. Pierwsze państwo bułgarskie traci niezależność. Przegrana bitwa i koniec państwa to różne wydarzenia.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-bitola-480.389b093b.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-bitola-960.389b093b.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-bitola-1600.389b093b.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#605c5a","h":900,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-bitola-960.389b093b.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-sam-bitola-960.389b093b.webp","id":"asset.sam.bitola","alt":"Inskrypcja z Bitoli na płycie w dwóch dużych częściach, w muzealnej gablocie. Zwykle łączona z Iwanem Władysławem.","objectCaption":"Inskrypcja z Bitoli na płycie w dwóch dużych częściach, w muzealnej gablocie. Zwykle łączona z Iwanem Władysławem.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Протогер · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Протогер / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. The Bitola inscription on a slab in two large pieces, in a museum case. Usually associated with Ivan Vladislav. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Протогер / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. The Bitola inscription on a slab in two large pieces, in a museum case. Usually associated with Ivan Vladislav. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bitola_Inscription,_Museum_of_Bitola.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-bitola-copy-480.160c97f6.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-bitola-copy-960.160c97f6.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-bitola-copy-1600.160c97f6.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#c4bb92","h":1067,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-bitola-copy-960.160c97f6.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-sam-bitola-copy-960.160c97f6.webp","id":"asset.sam.bitola-copy","alt":"Marmurowa muzealna kopia inskrypcji z Bitoli w Sofii; nie jest to oryginalna płyta.","objectCaption":"Marmurowa muzealna kopia inskrypcji z Bitoli w Sofii; nie jest to oryginalna płyta.","caption":"","kindLabel":"Zdjęcie","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Bin im Garten · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Bin im Garten / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. Museum copy of the Bitola inscription. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Bin im Garten / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. Museum copy of the Bitola inscription. 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Moneta przedstawia dwóch cesarzy bizantyńskich. Ksifiasz jest dowódcą, który przeprowadził obejście.","sources":[{"id":"src.sam.komatina"},{"id":"src.sam.media.coin"},{"id":"src.sam.pmbz-xiphias"}],"columns":["Osoba","Rola"]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.358625,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.samuil-kleidion-1014.samuil-kleidion-1014.a3-matching","duration":3.456,"src":"/audio/pl/samuil-kleidion-1014/a3-matching.bc9f3c38.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.sam.komatina"},{"id":"src.sam.media.coin"},{"id":"src.sam.pmbz-xiphias"}]}],"minutes":4,"sources":[{"year":2023,"url":"https://doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0584-9888/2023/0584-98882302789K.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Predrag Komatina","id":"src.sam.komatina","title":"The Diocesan Structure of the Archbishopric of Ohrid in the Charters of Basil II: Historical Development until the Early 11th Century","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","container":"Zbornik radova Vizantološkog instituta","volume":"60","issue":"2","pages":"789–821","doi":"10.2298/ZRVI2360789K","authors":["Predrag Komatina"],"accessed":"2026-11-03","isPdf":true},{"year":2020,"url":"https://www.scielo.cl/pdf/byzantion/n39/0718-8471-byzantion-39-00229.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Marilia Lykaki","id":"src.sam.lykaki","title":"The Byzantine masculinity at war: An approach on the manliness of the army in the Middle Byzantine Era","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","container":"Byzantion Nea Hellás","issue":"39","pages":"229–253","authors":["Marilia Lykaki"],"accessed":"2026-11-03","isPdf":true},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BasilII.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Unknown medieval artist","id":"src.sam.media.basil-portrait","title":"File:BasilII.jpg","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","container":"Wikimedia Commons; 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