{"version":2,"locale":"pl","id":"story.serdica-roman-sofia","hasFind":true,"slug":"serdica-roman-sofia","url":"/pl/stories/serdica-roman-sofia/","topic":"Serdika","title":"Ulica pod metrem","summary":"Zachowane ulice i ceglane podpory pokazują rzymskie metody budowy i ogrzewania. Cesarski edykt i późniejszy przekaz mówią różne rzeczy o władcach.","cover":{"title":"Ulica pod metrem","subtitle":"Serdika, rzymska Sofia","hook":"Dlaczego obok metra jest rzymska ulica?","summary":"Zachowane ulice i ceglane podpory pokazują rzymskie metody budowy i ogrzewania. Cesarski edykt i późniejszy przekaz mówią różne rzeczy o władcach.","takeaway":"Kamienna droga, dawny tekst i późny przekaz to różne ślady. Każdy mówi nam coś, ale żaden nie mówi wszystkiego."},"sortYear":311,"firstActivity":4,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.antiquity","styleId":"antiquity","sortOrder":6,"title":"Starożytność: Trakowie, Grecy, Rzymianie","dateLabel":"I tysiąclecie p.n.e. – VI wiek n.e.","eraShort":"Starożytność","slug":"antiquity","fill":"#D4CBBE","ink":"#221616","raised":"#DAD3C8","dark":"#6B6862"},"epochId":"epoch.antiquity","placeShort":"Sofia","date":"I–IV w.","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-cutout-480.6c3193f1.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-cutout-960.6c3193f1.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-cutout-1223.6c3193f1.avif","w":1223}],"dominant":"#69543f","h":2180,"w":1223,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-cutout-960.6c3193f1.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-cutout-960.6c3193f1.webp","id":"asset.serd.constantine-head-cutout","alt":"Wycięty detal; tło usunięte. Brązowa głowa przedstawiana jako Konstantyn, MC1072, Muzea Kapitolińskie w Rzymie. Nie jest znana jako znalezisko z Serdiki. Szyję dodano później.","objectCaption":"Brązowa głowa","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Jastrow (fotografia, 2006); starożytny rzeźbiarz nieznany · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Photo: Jastrow (2006). Ancient sculptor Unknown. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Bronze head presented as Constantine, MC1072, Capitoline Museums, Rome. It is not known as a find from Serdica. The neck is a later addition. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Jastrow (2006). Ancient sculptor Unknown. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Bronze head presented as Constantine, MC1072, Capitoline Museums, Rome. It is not known as a find from Serdica. The neck is a later addition. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Head_Constantine_Musei_Capitolini_MC1072.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-user"},"scenes":[{"id":"serdica-roman-sofia.s1-under-the-metro","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Pod stopami pasażerów","body":"Fotografie pokazują zachowane pozostałości rzymskiej Serdiki. Obok współczesnych przejść widać kamienne nawierzchnie i pozostałości murów. To Serdika, rzymskie miasto pod dzisiejszym miastem. Podczas budowy drugiej linii metra archeolodzy badali teren pod bulwarem Kniahini Marii Luizy. Prace trwały tam w latach 2010–2012.\n\nPod placem Nezawisimost znajduje się przestrzeń zwana Largo. Pokazano tam fragment ulicy między wschodnią a zachodnią bramą. Wzdłuż niej znajdowały się sklepy z żywnością i innymi towarami.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-eastern-gate-480.a73e0e35.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-eastern-gate-960.a73e0e35.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-eastern-gate-1600.a73e0e35.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#463c33","h":324,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-eastern-gate-960.a73e0e35.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-eastern-gate-960.a73e0e35.webp","id":"asset.serd.eastern-gate","alt":"Pozostałości archeologiczne pokazane we współczesnym przejściu podziemnym przy stacji Serdika; widoczne są też współczesne ingerencje.","objectCaption":"Pozostałości archeologiczne pokazane we współczesnym przejściu podziemnym przy stacji Serdika; widoczne są też współczesne ingerencje.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Ann Wuyts · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Photo: Ann Wuyts. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY 2.0. Archaeological remains presented in the modern underpass at Serdika station; modern interventions are also visible. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Ann Wuyts. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY 2.0. Archaeological remains presented in the modern underpass at Serdika station; modern interventions are also visible. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sofia_-_The_Eastern_Gate_of_Serdica_Fortress_at_the_Serdika_Metro_Station_(Panorama).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-largo-480.b804bf4d.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-largo-960.b804bf4d.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-largo-1600.b804bf4d.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#4b5a57","h":1199,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-largo-960.b804bf4d.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-largo-960.b804bf4d.webp","id":"asset.serd.largo","alt":"Współczesne stanowisko archeologiczne. Szeroka dolna posadzka jest współczesna; dawny mur pokazano w głębi.","objectCaption":"Współczesne stanowisko archeologiczne. Szeroka dolna posadzka jest współczesna; dawny mur pokazano w głębi.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Sofia Historiy Museum 1928 · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Sofia Historiy Museum 1928. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. Archaeological site today. The broad lower floor is modern; old masonry is displayed at the back. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Sofia Historiy Museum 1928. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. Archaeological site today. The broad lower floor is modern; old masonry is displayed at the back. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_-_%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Punkt orientacyjny dla współczesnego obiektu. Obszar nie wyznacza antycznych granic.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.serd.largo","name":"Largo — pod placem Niepodległości","latitude":42.69745,"longitude":23.321332,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":100,"sourceIds":["src.serd.coordinates-largo","src.serd.complex"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/pl/place/#largo","slug":"serd.largo","url":"/pl/map/#serd.largo"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":33.660666666666664,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.serdica-roman-sofia.serdica-roman-sofia.s1-under-the-metro","duration":33.749,"src":"/audio/pl/serdica-roman-sofia/s1-under-the-metro.a11c196a.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.serd.complex"},{"id":"src.serd.commons"}]},{"id":"serdica-roman-sofia.s2-name-and-streets","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Dwie ulice między bramami","body":"W I wieku ukształtowało się tu rzymskie miasto Serdika. Dwie główne ulice łączyły bramy miasta. Cardo maximus to główna ulica biegnąca z północy na południe. Decumanus maximus to główna ulica biegnąca ze wschodu na zachód.\n\nNa mapie widzisz Largo i pobliski okrągły kościół św. Jerzego. Taki okrągły budynek nazywa się rotundą.","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Punkt orientacyjny dla współczesnego obiektu. Obszar nie wyznacza antycznych granic.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.serd.largo","name":"Largo — pod placem Niepodległości","latitude":42.69745,"longitude":23.321332,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":100,"sourceIds":["src.serd.coordinates-largo","src.serd.complex"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/pl/place/#largo","slug":"serd.largo","url":"/pl/map/#serd.largo"},{"note":"Punkt orientacyjny dla współczesnego obiektu. Obszar nie wyznacza antycznych granic.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.serd.rotunda","name":"Rotunda św. Jerzego","latitude":42.696906,"longitude":23.322896,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":30,"sourceIds":["src.serd.coordinates-rotunda"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/pl/place/#saint-george-rotunda-church","slug":"serd.rotunda","url":"/pl/map/#serd.rotunda"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-1536.8876519a.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-2048.4c826249.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-3072.8876519a.avif","w":3072}]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief-dark@3x.jpg?v=0941a59d06","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-1024.73ab39a9.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-1536.4f3ca147.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-2048.73ab39a9.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-3072.4f3ca147.avif","w":3072}]},"places":[{"note":"Punkt orientacyjny dla współczesnego obiektu. Obszar nie wyznacza antycznych granic.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.serd.largo","name":"Largo — pod placem Niepodległości","latitude":42.69745,"longitude":23.321332,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":100,"sourceIds":["src.serd.coordinates-largo","src.serd.complex"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/pl/place/#largo","slug":"serd.largo","url":"/pl/map/#serd.largo","number":1,"x":22.76665,"y":50.83241,"inside":true,"viewX":28.201269677419354,"viewY":49.99082775161291},{"note":"Punkt orientacyjny dla współczesnego obiektu. Obszar nie wyznacza antycznych granic.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.serd.rotunda","name":"Rotunda św. Jerzego","latitude":42.696906,"longitude":23.322896,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":30,"sourceIds":["src.serd.coordinates-rotunda"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/pl/place/#saint-george-rotunda-church","slug":"serd.rotunda","url":"/pl/map/#serd.rotunda","number":2,"x":22.7862,"y":50.84672,"inside":true,"viewX":37.201269677419354,"viewY":55.99082775161291}],"extent":[0,0,1,1],"orientation":[{"name":"Sofia","kind":"town","x":22.774,"y":50.826,"viewX":28.210374193548386,"viewY":49.9826105451613},{"name":"Płowdiw","kind":"town","x":40.566,"y":65.549,"viewX":50.24949677419356,"viewY":68.85654667419355},{"name":"Warna","kind":"town","x":80.184,"y":37.187,"viewX":99.32469677419355,"viewY":32.498292480645155},{"name":"Burgas","kind":"town","x":74.532,"y":55.892,"viewX":92.32350967741935,"viewY":56.47689570645162},{"name":"Ruse","kind":"town","x":55.821,"y":20.617,"viewX":69.14601290322581,"viewY":11.256621512903225},{"name":"Wielkie Tyrnowo","kind":"town","x":51.465,"y":40.853,"viewX":63.7501935483871,"viewY":37.19786796451613},{"name":"Plewen","kind":"town","x":38.834,"y":31.796,"viewX":48.104051612903234,"viewY":25.587378287096772},{"name":"Stara Zagora","kind":"town","x":51.681,"y":57.962,"viewX":64.01775483870968,"viewY":59.13050215806452},{"name":"Szumen","kind":"town","x":67.951,"y":35.671,"viewX":84.17156129032259,"viewY":30.55487828709677},{"name":"Widyń","kind":"town","x":17.099,"y":16.308,"viewX":21.18069677419355,"viewY":5.73276151290322},{"name":"Błagojewgrad","kind":"town","x":19.929,"y":68.531,"viewX":24.686245161290323,"viewY":72.67927828709679},{"name":"Chaskowo","kind":"town","x":50.694,"y":70.78,"viewX":62.79514838709679,"viewY":75.56235119032259},{"name":"Smolan","kind":"town","x":40.014,"y":80.031,"viewX":49.56572903225807,"viewY":87.42153635161293},{"name":"Sliwen","kind":"town","x":60.286,"y":51.247,"viewX":74.67685161290323,"viewY":50.52230538387097},{"name":"Dobricz","kind":"town","x":79.091,"y":27.65,"viewX":97.97078709677419,"viewY":20.272473770967736},{"name":"Pernik","kind":"town","x":19.223,"y":53.257,"viewX":23.811716129032256,"viewY":53.09899570645161},{"name":"Jamboł","kind":"town","x":62.544,"y":56.432,"viewX":77.47385806451614,"viewY":57.169140867741945},{"name":"Pazardżik","kind":"town","x":35.42,"y":64.052,"viewX":43.87509677419355,"viewY":66.93748925483872},{"name":"Wraca","kind":"town","x":25.661,"y":37.29,"viewX":31.786529032258066,"viewY":32.63033183548387},{"name":"Gabrowo","kind":"town","x":47.734,"y":46.177,"viewX":59.12856774193549,"viewY":44.02289248064516},{"name":"Kyrdżali","kind":"town","x":48.471,"y":78.573,"viewX":60.04149677419355,"viewY":85.55247441612903},{"name":"Kiustendił","kind":"town","x":14.889,"y":61.673,"viewX":18.443148387096777,"viewY":63.887764738709684},{"name":"Montana","kind":"town","x":21.563,"y":31.916,"viewX":26.710296774193548,"viewY":25.741210545161287},{"name":"Łowecz","kind":"town","x":40.178,"y":39.23,"viewX":49.76887741935484,"viewY":35.11728667419355},{"name":"Silistra","kind":"town","x":72.008,"y":13.056,"viewX":89.1970064516129,"viewY":1.5639073193548303},{"name":"Tyrgowiszte","kind":"town","x":63.402,"y":36.202,"viewX":78.53667096774194,"viewY":31.23558602903226},{"name":"Razgrad","kind":"town","x":62.709,"y":28.698,"viewX":77.67824516129032,"viewY":21.615942158064517},{"name":"Kazanłyk","kind":"town","x":48.661,"y":52.884,"viewX":60.27685161290323,"viewY":52.62083377096774},{"name":"Dunaj","kind":"nature","x":46.384,"y":23.924,"viewX":57.45630967741936,"viewY":15.495982158064514},{"name":"Morze Czarne","kind":"nature","x":86.25,"y":45.496,"viewX":106.83870967741937,"viewY":43.14989441612904},{"name":"Stara Płanina","kind":"nature","x":41.25,"y":49.45,"viewX":51.09677419354839,"viewY":48.21866731935485},{"name":"Riła","kind":"nature","x":25.625,"y":65.69,"viewX":31.741935483870964,"viewY":69.03729957741935},{"name":"Pirin","kind":"nature","x":24.125,"y":75.565,"viewX":29.883870967741938,"viewY":81.69641248064517},{"name":"Rodopy","kind":"nature","x":38.75,"y":79.447,"viewX":48.00000000000001,"viewY":86.67288602903227},{"name":"Strandża","kind":"nature","x":76.25,"y":67.774,"viewX":94.45161290322581,"viewY":71.70885312580646}],"crop":{"sx":0.8072916666666666,"sy":0.7800704579768494,"x":0,"y":0.11836042101157529},"credit":{"id":"map-relief"}},"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":21.597875,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.serdica-roman-sofia.serdica-roman-sofia.s2-name-and-streets","duration":21.717,"src":"/audio/pl/serdica-roman-sofia/s2-name-and-streets.74b9a998.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.serd.names"},{"id":"src.serd.antiquity"},{"id":"src.serd.metro-excavation"},{"id":"src.serd.coordinates-largo"},{"id":"src.serd.coordinates-rotunda"},{"id":"src.serd.municipality-rotunda"}]},{"id":"serdica-roman-sofia.s3-warm-floor","number":3,"kind":"artifact","title":"Gdzie zniknęła podłoga?","body":"Obok rotundy stoją niskie ceglane podpory ustawione w rzędach. Nie były małymi siedziskami. Podtrzymywały podłogę pomieszczenia. Pod nią pozostawało miejsce na ciepłe powietrze. W ten sposób ogrzewano pomieszczenie od dołu. Ten system nazywa się hipokaustum.\n\nNa zdjęciu górnej podłogi już nie ma i widać podpory. Dzięki nim możemy zrozumieć, jak działało ogrzewanie. Nie musimy znać ludzi, którzy korzystali z tego pomieszczenia.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-excavations-480.f4def431.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-excavations-960.f4def431.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-excavations-1600.f4def431.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#7e7571","h":1284,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-excavations-960.f4def431.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-excavations-960.f4def431.webp","id":"asset.serd.rotunda-excavations","alt":"Ceglane podpory przy rotundzie, interpretowane jako część ogrzewania podłogowego. Górna posadzka nie zachowała się.","objectCaption":"Ceglane podpory przy rotundzie, interpretowane jako część ogrzewania podłogowego. Górna posadzka nie zachowała się.","caption":"Ceglane podpory przy rotundzie, interpretowane jako część ogrzewania podłogowego. Górna posadzka nie zachowała się.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Bjoertvedt · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Bjoertvedt · Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Bjoertvedt · Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Excavations_Church_St_Georg_Rotunda_IMG_0612.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-serd-support","x":0.45,"y":0.55,"title":"Ceglana podpora","body":"Takie podpory podtrzymywały górną posadzkę. Dziś jej nie ma.","sourceIds":["src.serd.rotunda-archaeology","src.serd.hypocaust","src.serd.commons"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-serd-gap","x":0.51,"y":0.47,"title":"Przestrzeń pod posadzką","body":"Między podporami pozostawało miejsce na ciepłe powietrze. To część hypokaustum.","sourceIds":["src.serd.rotunda-archaeology","src.serd.hypocaust","src.serd.commons"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-serd-wall","x":0.08,"y":0.43,"title":"Gruby mur","body":"Na zdjęciu widać warstwy cegieł i kamieni. Samo zdjęcie nie pozwala datować każdej naprawy.","sourceIds":["src.serd.commons"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[{"note":"Punkt orientacyjny dla współczesnego obiektu. Obszar nie wyznacza antycznych granic.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.serd.rotunda","name":"Rotunda św. Jerzego","latitude":42.696906,"longitude":23.322896,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":30,"sourceIds":["src.serd.coordinates-rotunda"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/pl/place/#saint-george-rotunda-church","slug":"serd.rotunda","url":"/pl/map/#serd.rotunda"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":27.368041666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.serdica-roman-sofia.serdica-roman-sofia.s3-warm-floor","duration":27.477,"src":"/audio/pl/serdica-roman-sofia/s3-warm-floor.3cfb6205.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.serd.rotunda-archaeology"},{"id":"src.serd.hypocaust"},{"id":"src.serd.commons"}]},{"id":"serdica-roman-sofia.a1-hypocaust","number":4,"kind":"activity","title":"Zadanie: ciepło pod stopami","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.serd.hypocaust","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Do czego służyły niskie ceglane podpory?","sourceIds":["src.serd.rotunda-archaeology","src.serd.hypocaust","src.serd.commons"],"items":[{"id":"opt-seats","label":"Jako siedziska przy ulicy.","whyWrong":"Podpory znajdowały się pod podłogą, nie były dostępnymi siedziskami."},{"id":"opt-floor","label":"Do podtrzymywania podłogi, pod którą przepływało ciepłe powietrze."},{"id":"opt-writing","label":"Do zapisywania cesarskich edyktów.","whyWrong":"Opowieść pokazuje system ogrzewania, a nie inskrypcję."}],"explanation":"Podpory utrzymywały podłogę nad przestrzenią na ciepłe powietrze. To hipokaustum.","correctItemId":"opt-floor","sources":[{"id":"src.serd.rotunda-archaeology"},{"id":"src.serd.hypocaust"},{"id":"src.serd.commons"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.2889583333333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.serdica-roman-sofia.serdica-roman-sofia.a1-hypocaust","duration":3.413,"src":"/audio/pl/serdica-roman-sofia/a1-hypocaust.d3112e72.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.serd.rotunda-archaeology"},{"id":"src.serd.hypocaust"},{"id":"src.serd.commons"}]},{"id":"serdica-roman-sofia.s4-edict","number":5,"kind":"narrative","title":"Galeriusz zezwala na zgromadzenia chrześcijan","body":"W 311 r. cesarz Galeriusz pozwolił chrześcijanom ponownie wyznawać swoją wiarę. Pozwolił im także się zgromadzać. Rozporządzenie to nazywa się edyktem. Warunkiem było przestrzeganie porządku oraz modlitwa za władcę i państwo.\n\nDokument znany jest także jako „edykt serdycki”. Zachowany przekaz wskazuje jednak inne miejsce: Nikomedię. Tam ogłoszono go publicznie 30 kwietnia 311 r. Miejsce jego sporządzenia pozostaje niepewne.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-obverse-480.a0fbec0c.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-obverse-960.a0fbec0c.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-obverse-1600.a0fbec0c.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#888c98","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-obverse-960.a0fbec0c.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-obverse-960.a0fbec0c.webp","id":"asset.serd.galerius-obverse","alt":"Profil Galeriusza według opisu fotografa; moneta z Kyzikos, nie sam edykt ani potwierdzone znalezisko z Sofii.","objectCaption":"Profil Galeriusza według opisu fotografa; moneta z Kyzikos, nie sam edykt ani potwierdzone znalezisko z Sofii.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"MumblerJamie · CC BY-SA 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 2.0","attribution":"Photo: MumblerJamie. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 2.0. Galerius’s profile according to the photographer’s description; a coin from Cyzicus, not the edict or an established Sofia find. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"MumblerJamie. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 2.0. Galerius’s profile according to the photographer’s description; a coin from Cyzicus, not the edict or an established Sofia find. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nummus_of_Galerius_-_Obverse.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-reverse-480.9e5b5e27.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-reverse-960.9e5b5e27.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-reverse-1600.9e5b5e27.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#868a96","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-reverse-960.9e5b5e27.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-reverse-960.9e5b5e27.webp","id":"asset.serd.galerius-reverse","alt":"Rewers monety ze stojącą postacią. Ten sam typ monety co na zdjęciu z Galeriuszem; nie jest to dokument edyktu.","objectCaption":"Rewers monety ze stojącą postacią. Ten sam typ monety co na zdjęciu z Galeriuszem; nie jest to dokument edyktu.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"MumblerJamie · CC BY-SA 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 2.0","attribution":"Photo: MumblerJamie. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 2.0. Coin reverse with a standing figure. The same coin type as the Galerius portrait photograph; not a document of the edict. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"MumblerJamie. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 2.0. Coin reverse with a standing figure. The same coin type as the Galerius portrait photograph; not a document of the edict. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nummus_of_Galerius_-_Reverse.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":29.23725,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.serdica-roman-sofia.serdica-roman-sofia.s4-edict","duration":29.355,"src":"/audio/pl/serdica-roman-sofia/s4-edict.76d38e68.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.serd.lactantius"},{"id":"src.serd.dimitrov2017"},{"id":"src.serd.commons"}]},{"id":"serdica-roman-sofia.s5-my-rome","number":6,"kind":"narrative","title":"Konstantyn i jego „Rzym”","body":"Konstantyn także przebywał w Serdice. Przypisuje mu się słowa: „Serdika jest moim Rzymem”.\n\nWypowiedź zachowała się w późniejszym przekazie, a nie w zapisie samej rozmowy. Dlatego przedstawiamy ją jako tradycję. To przekazywane słowa o przeszłości, których dokładności nie możemy potwierdzić.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-480.530ad4f8.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-960.530ad4f8.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-1062.530ad4f8.avif","w":1062}],"dominant":"#9a9080","h":1600,"w":1062,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-960.530ad4f8.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-960.530ad4f8.webp","id":"asset.serd.constantine-head","alt":"Brązowa głowa przedstawiana jako Konstantyn, MC1072, Muzea Kapitolińskie w Rzymie. Nie jest znana jako znalezisko z Serdiki. Szyję dodano później.","objectCaption":"Brązowa głowa","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Jastrow (fotografia, 2006); starożytny rzeźbiarz nieznany · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Photo: Jastrow (2006). Ancient sculptor Unknown. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Bronze head presented as Constantine, MC1072, Capitoline Museums, Rome. It is not known as a find from Serdica. The neck is a later addition. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Jastrow (2006). Ancient sculptor Unknown. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Bronze head presented as Constantine, MC1072, Capitoline Museums, Rome. It is not known as a find from Serdica. The neck is a later addition. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Head_Constantine_Musei_Capitolini_MC1072.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-user"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":19.368791666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.serdica-roman-sofia.serdica-roman-sofia.s5-my-rome","duration":19.499,"src":"/audio/pl/serdica-roman-sofia/s5-my-rome.62009ab8.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.serd.desena2014"},{"id":"src.serd.capitoline"},{"id":"src.serd.capitoline-provenance"}]},{"id":"serdica-roman-sofia.a2-timeline","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Zadanie: uporządkuj ślady","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.serd.timeline","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Uporządkuj wydarzenia od najwcześniejszego.","sourceIds":["src.serd.antiquity","src.serd.lactantius","src.serd.complex"],"items":[{"id":"ev-town","label":"Powstaje rzymskie miasto"},{"id":"ev-edict","label":"Edykt Galeriusza"},{"id":"ev-metro","label":"Wykopaliska przy budowie drugiej linii metra"}],"explanation":"Rzymskie miasto ukształtowało się w I wieku. Później wydano edykt z 311 r. i prowadzono wykopaliska w latach 2010–2012.","correctOrderIds":["ev-town","ev-edict","ev-metro"],"sources":[{"id":"src.serd.antiquity"},{"id":"src.serd.lactantius"},{"id":"src.serd.complex"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.4282916666666665,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.serdica-roman-sofia.serdica-roman-sofia.a2-timeline","duration":3.541,"src":"/audio/pl/serdica-roman-sofia/a2-timeline.6aaa3664.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.serd.antiquity"},{"id":"src.serd.lactantius"},{"id":"src.serd.complex"}]},{"id":"serdica-roman-sofia.s6-rotunda","number":8,"kind":"artifact","title":"Okrągły budynek trwa","body":"Na dziedzińcu siedziby prezydenta stoi kościół św. Jerzego. Władze miasta datują okrągły budynek na początek IV wieku. Przypuszcza się, że we wczesnym okresie chrześcijaństwa służył jako baptysterium, czyli miejsce chrztu chrześcijańskiego.\n\nWedług jednej z interpretacji sama rotunda była pierwotnie gorącym pomieszczeniem rzymskiej łaźni. Nie znamy z pewnością jej pierwotnego przeznaczenia.\n\nSpójrz na okrągłą ceglaną ścianę i ruiny przed nią. Dzisiejszy dach i duże otaczające budynki należą do późniejszych dziejów.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-480.119086ed.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-960.119086ed.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-1600.119086ed.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#766b5d","h":1600,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-960.119086ed.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-960.119086ed.webp","id":"asset.serd.rotunda","alt":"Okrągły ceglany kościół wśród późniejszych budynków i pozostałości archeologicznych; widok współczesny.","objectCaption":"Okrągły ceglany kościół wśród późniejszych budynków i pozostałości archeologicznych; widok współczesny.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Ann Wuyts · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Photo: Ann Wuyts. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY 2.0. Round brick church among later buildings and archaeological remains; present-day view. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Ann Wuyts. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY 2.0. Round brick church among later buildings and archaeological remains; present-day view. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rotunda_Sveti_Georgi%2C_Sofia.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-detail-480.eece903c.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-detail-960.eece903c.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-detail-1600.eece903c.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#806459","h":1594,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-detail-960.eece903c.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-detail-960.eece903c.webp","id":"asset.serd.rotunda-detail","alt":"Fragment obecnego ceglanego muru rotundy. Zdjęcie nie pozwala datować każdej naprawy.","objectCaption":"Fragment obecnego ceglanego muru rotundy. Zdjęcie nie pozwala datować każdej naprawy.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Gitanes232 · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Photo: Gitanes232. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Detail of the rotunda’s present brick wall. The photograph cannot date every repair. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Gitanes232. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Detail of the rotunda’s present brick wall. The photograph cannot date every repair. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:StGeorgi-Rotundata-Sofia30.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-fortress-480.6bab5c3b.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-fortress-960.6bab5c3b.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-fortress-1600.6bab5c3b.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#8f7d6f","h":1536,"w":2048,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-fortress-960.6bab5c3b.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-fortress-960.6bab5c3b.webp","id":"asset.serd.fortress","alt":"Ceglany łuk i kamienne elementy pokazane w przejściu podziemnym. Nie wszystkie widoczne elementy są nienaruszonym antycznym murem.","objectCaption":"Ceglany łuk i kamienne elementy pokazane w przejściu podziemnym. Nie wszystkie widoczne elementy są nienaruszonym antycznym murem.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Elena Chochkova · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Elena Chochkova. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. Brick arch and stone elements displayed in an underpass. Not all visible elements are untouched ancient masonry. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Elena Chochkova. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. Brick arch and stone elements displayed in an underpass. Not all visible elements are untouched ancient masonry. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Serdica_Fortress_E1.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-largo-vertical-480.a253dfeb.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-largo-vertical-960.a253dfeb.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-largo-vertical-1594.a253dfeb.avif","w":1594}],"dominant":"#a3938f","h":2400,"w":1594,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-largo-vertical-960.a253dfeb.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-largo-vertical-960.a253dfeb.webp","id":"asset.serd.largo-vertical","alt":"Współczesne szklane zadaszenie i posadzka Largo z odsłoniętym murem; to nie zdjęcie antycznej nawierzchni.","objectCaption":"Współczesne szklane zadaszenie i posadzka Largo z odsłoniętym murem; to nie zdjęcie antycznej nawierzchni.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Laurens R. Krol · CC BY 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Laurens R. Krol. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY 4.0. Modern glass cover and floor of the Largo with displayed masonry; not a photograph of an ancient road surface. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Laurens R. Krol. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY 4.0. Modern glass cover and floor of the Largo with displayed masonry; not a photograph of an ancient road surface. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2016-07-27_Bulgaria%2C_Sofia%2C_Serdica_DSC_8821_DxO_2.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-serd-round","x":0.51,"y":0.35,"title":"Okrągła ściana","body":"Okrągły kształt wyjaśnia słowo rotunda. Tak budynek wygląda dziś.","sourceIds":["src.serd.municipality-rotunda","src.serd.commons"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-serd-bricks","x":0.53,"y":0.51,"title":"Cegły","body":"Widać warstwy czerwonych cegieł. Zdjęcie nie dowodzi, że każda pochodzi z IV wieku.","sourceIds":["src.serd.commons"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-serd-neighbours","x":0.35,"y":0.68,"title":"Pozostałości przed kościołem","body":"Rotunda jest częścią większego kompleksu archeologicznego. Nie każdy mur nazywamy pałacem.","sourceIds":["src.serd.rotunda-archaeology","src.serd.desena2014","src.serd.commons"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[{"note":"Punkt orientacyjny dla współczesnego obiektu. Obszar nie wyznacza antycznych granic.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.serd.rotunda","name":"Rotunda św. Jerzego","latitude":42.696906,"longitude":23.322896,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":30,"sourceIds":["src.serd.coordinates-rotunda"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/pl/place/#saint-george-rotunda-church","slug":"serd.rotunda","url":"/pl/map/#serd.rotunda"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":31.118083333333335,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.serdica-roman-sofia.serdica-roman-sofia.s6-rotunda","duration":31.232,"src":"/audio/pl/serdica-roman-sofia/s6-rotunda.c92c8c9e.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.serd.municipality-rotunda"},{"id":"src.serd.rotunda-archaeology"},{"id":"src.serd.hypocaust"},{"id":"src.serd.desena2014"},{"id":"src.serd.commons"}]},{"id":"serdica-roman-sofia.a3-matching","number":9,"kind":"activity","title":"Zadanie: co oznaczają te słowa","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.serd.matching","kind":"matching","prompt":"Połącz każde słowo lub wypowiedź z ich znaczeniem w opowieści.","sourceIds":["src.serd.rotunda-archaeology","src.serd.lactantius","src.serd.desena2014","src.serd.municipality-rotunda"],"items":[{"id":"m-heat","label":"Hipokaustum","pairedLabel":"Ogrzewanie podłogowe"},{"id":"m-edict","label":"Edykt","pairedLabel":"Cesarskie rozporządzenie"},{"id":"m-tradition","label":"„Serdika jest moim Rzymem”","pairedLabel":"Słowa zachowane w późnym przekazie"},{"id":"m-rotunda","label":"Rotunda","pairedLabel":"Okrągły budynek"}],"explanation":"Ceglane podpory należą do systemu ogrzewania. Edykt jest rozporządzeniem. Wypowiedź przypisuje Konstantynowi późny tekst. Rotunda określa kształt budynku.","sources":[{"id":"src.serd.rotunda-archaeology"},{"id":"src.serd.lactantius"},{"id":"src.serd.desena2014"},{"id":"src.serd.municipality-rotunda"}],"columns":["Element","Znaczenie"]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":4.508,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.serdica-roman-sofia.serdica-roman-sofia.a3-matching","duration":4.608,"src":"/audio/pl/serdica-roman-sofia/a3-matching.7c711c7d.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.serd.rotunda-archaeology"},{"id":"src.serd.lactantius"},{"id":"src.serd.desena2014"},{"id":"src.serd.municipality-rotunda"}]}],"minutes":3,"sources":[{"year":null,"url":"https://sofiahistorymuseum.bg/bg/1-хилядолетие-пр-н-е-–-7-век","institutionOrAuthor":"Регионален исторически музей – София","id":"src.serd.antiquity","authors":["Регионален исторически музей – София"],"title":"Античност /1 хилядолетие пр.Хр. – 7 век/","container":"Regional History Museum – Sofia (website)","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg"}},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.museicapitolini.org/it/opera/statua-colossale-bronzea-di-costantino-testa","institutionOrAuthor":"Musei Capitolini / Roma Capitale","id":"src.serd.capitoline","authors":["Musei Capitolini / Roma Capitale"],"title":"Statua colossale bronzea di Costantino: testa","container":"Musei Capitolini (collection catalogue)","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":null,"url":"https://capitolini.info/scu01072/","institutionOrAuthor":"Musei Capitolini / Roma Capitale","id":"src.serd.capitoline-provenance","authors":["Musei Capitolini / Roma Capitale"],"title":"Testa colossale di Costantino (Scu 1072)","container":"Musei Capitolini (detailed collection catalogue)","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":null,"url":"","institutionOrAuthor":"Photographers credited with each image","id":"src.serd.commons","authors":["Photographers credited with each image"],"title":"Serdica photographs","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.sofiahistorymuseum.bg/bg/obekti/kompleks-serdica","institutionOrAuthor":"Регионален исторически музей – София","id":"src.serd.complex","authors":["Регионален исторически музей – София"],"title":"Античен културно-комуникационен комплекс Сердика","container":"Regional History Museum – Sofia (website)","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg"}},{"year":null,"url":"https://visitsofia.bg/bg/cityinfrastructure/какво-да-посетя/археологически-паметници/древна-сердика-останките-от-центъра","institutionOrAuthor":"Visit Sofia / Sofia Tourism Administration","id":"src.serd.coordinates-largo","authors":["Visit Sofia / Sofia Tourism Administration"],"title":"Античен културно-комуникационен комплекс Сердика","container":"Visit Sofia (municipal tourism website)","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","fieldLanguages":{"title":"bg"}},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.visitsofia.bg/bg/национален-и-официални-празници/index.php?Itemid=354&lang=bg&layer=50000&obektid=1434&option=com_cityinfrastructure&view=objectdetails","institutionOrAuthor":"Visit Sofia / Sofia Tourism Administration","id":"src.serd.coordinates-rotunda","authors":["Visit Sofia / Sofia Tourism Administration"],"title":"Ротондата „Св. Георги Победоносец”","container":"Visit Sofia (municipal tourism website)","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","fieldLanguages":{"title":"bg"}},{"year":2014,"url":"https://zavodsm.rs/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/International-symposium-Constantine-Sirmium-and-early-Christianity-proceedings.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Eric C. De Sena","id":"src.serd.desena2014","authors":["Eric C. De Sena"],"title":"Constantine in the Imperial Palace at Serdica","container":"Constantine, Sirmium and Early Christianity (Proceedings), ed. Nenad Lemajić","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","pages":"7–24","isPdf":true},{"year":2017,"url":"https://sas.fhn-shu.com/pdf/sas-04-2017.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Dimitar Dimitrov","id":"src.serd.dimitrov2017","authors":["Dimitar Dimitrov"],"title":"The ‘Edicts of Tolerance’ in the Early 4th Century: Debates and Possible Solutions","container":"Studia Academica Šumenensia","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","pages":"23–39","volume":"4","isPdf":true},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/story-of-england/romans/roman-bathing/","institutionOrAuthor":"English Heritage","id":"src.serd.hypocaust","authors":["English Heritage"],"title":"Baths and Bathing in Roman Britain","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","container":""},{"year":null,"url":"https://bkv.unifr.ch/de/works/cpl-91/compare/of-the-manner-in-which-the-persecutors-died/36/de-mortibus-persecutorum","institutionOrAuthor":"Lactantius; Latin text and English translation hosted by Université de Fribourg","id":"src.serd.lactantius","authors":["Lactantius; Latin text and English translation hosted by Université de Fribourg"],"title":"De mortibus persecutorum / Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died, chapters 34–35","container":"Bibliothek der Kirchenväter, Université de Fribourg","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":null,"url":"https://sofiahistorymuseum.bg/en/19-проучвания/127-subway-station-8-ii-2009-2012","institutionOrAuthor":"Regional History Museum – Sofia","id":"src.serd.metro-excavation","authors":["Regional History Museum – Sofia"],"title":"Subway Station 8 - II (2009 - 2012)","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","container":""},{"year":2018,"url":"https://www.sofia.bg/en/web/sofia-municipality/w/rotunda-of-st-george-the-victorious","institutionOrAuthor":"Sofia Municipality","id":"src.serd.municipality-rotunda","authors":["Sofia Municipality"],"title":"Rotunda of St George the Victorious","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","container":""},{"year":2020,"url":"https://www.sofiahistorymuseum.bg/bg/novini/sabitij/item/1119-5-минути-софия-името-на-града","institutionOrAuthor":"Регионален исторически музей – София","id":"src.serd.names","authors":["Регионален исторически музей – София"],"title":"5 МИНУТИ СОФИЯ: ИМЕТО НА ГРАДА","container":"Regional History Museum – Sofia (website)","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg"}},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.sofiahistorymuseum.bg/bg/obekti/rotonda-sveti-georgi","institutionOrAuthor":"Регионален исторически музей – София","id":"src.serd.rotunda-archaeology","authors":["Регионален исторически музей – София"],"title":"Археологически останки в околното пространство на ротондата Свети Георги","container":"Regional History Museum – Sofia (website)","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg"}},{"year":2012,"url":"https://naim.bg/en/content/news/600/857/281/","institutionOrAuthor":"National Archaeological Institute with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences","id":"src.serd.naim-metro","authors":["National Archaeological Institute with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences"],"title":"Exhibition of stone artifacts from the depot of the NAIM – BAS in the Serdica II new subway station","container":"NAIM–BAS (website)","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02"}],"credits":[{"id":"asset.serd.constantine-head-cutout","src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-cutout-960.6c3193f1.webp","alt":"Wycięty detal; tło usunięte. Brązowa głowa przedstawiana jako Konstantyn, MC1072, Muzea Kapitolińskie w Rzymie. Nie jest znana jako znalezisko z Serdiki. Szyję dodano później.","w":1223,"h":2180,"caption":"","credit":"Jastrow (fotografia, 2006); starożytny rzeźbiarz nieznany · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Photo: Jastrow (2006). Ancient sculptor Unknown. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Bronze head presented as Constantine, MC1072, Capitoline Museums, Rome. It is not known as a find from Serdica. The neck is a later addition. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Jastrow (2006). Ancient sculptor Unknown. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Bronze head presented as Constantine, MC1072, Capitoline Museums, Rome. It is not known as a find from Serdica. The neck is a later addition. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Head_Constantine_Musei_Capitolini_MC1072.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-user","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"}},{"id":"asset.serd.eastern-gate","src":"/media/asset-serd-eastern-gate-960.a73e0e35.webp","alt":"Pozostałości archeologiczne pokazane we współczesnym przejściu podziemnym przy stacji Serdika; widoczne są też współczesne ingerencje.","w":1600,"h":324,"caption":"","credit":"Ann Wuyts · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Photo: Ann Wuyts. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY 2.0. Archaeological remains presented in the modern underpass at Serdika station; modern interventions are also visible. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Ann Wuyts. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY 2.0. Archaeological remains presented in the modern underpass at Serdika station; modern interventions are also visible. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sofia_-_The_Eastern_Gate_of_Serdica_Fortress_at_the_Serdika_Metro_Station_(Panorama).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"}},{"id":"asset.serd.largo","src":"/media/asset-serd-largo-960.b804bf4d.webp","alt":"Współczesne stanowisko archeologiczne. Szeroka dolna posadzka jest współczesna; dawny mur pokazano w głębi.","w":1600,"h":1199,"caption":"","credit":"Sofia Historiy Museum 1928 · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Sofia Historiy Museum 1928. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. Archaeological site today. The broad lower floor is modern; old masonry is displayed at the back. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Sofia Historiy Museum 1928. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. Archaeological site today. The broad lower floor is modern; old masonry is displayed at the back. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_-_%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"}},{"id":"asset.serd.rotunda-excavations","src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-excavations-960.f4def431.webp","alt":"Ceglane podpory przy rotundzie, interpretowane jako część ogrzewania podłogowego. Górna posadzka nie zachowała się.","w":2400,"h":1284,"caption":"Ceglane podpory przy rotundzie, interpretowane jako część ogrzewania podłogowego. Górna posadzka nie zachowała się.","credit":"Bjoertvedt · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Bjoertvedt · Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Bjoertvedt · Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Excavations_Church_St_Georg_Rotunda_IMG_0612.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"}},{"id":"asset.serd.galerius-obverse","src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-obverse-960.a0fbec0c.webp","alt":"Profil Galeriusza według opisu fotografa; moneta z Kyzikos, nie sam edykt ani potwierdzone znalezisko z Sofii.","w":1600,"h":1200,"caption":"","credit":"MumblerJamie · CC BY-SA 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 2.0","attribution":"Photo: MumblerJamie. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 2.0. Galerius’s profile according to the photographer’s description; a coin from Cyzicus, not the edict or an established Sofia find. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"MumblerJamie. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 2.0. Galerius’s profile according to the photographer’s description; a coin from Cyzicus, not the edict or an established Sofia find. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nummus_of_Galerius_-_Obverse.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"}},{"id":"asset.serd.galerius-reverse","src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-reverse-960.9e5b5e27.webp","alt":"Rewers monety ze stojącą postacią. Ten sam typ monety co na zdjęciu z Galeriuszem; nie jest to dokument edyktu.","w":1600,"h":1200,"caption":"","credit":"MumblerJamie · CC BY-SA 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 2.0","attribution":"Photo: MumblerJamie. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 2.0. Coin reverse with a standing figure. The same coin type as the Galerius portrait photograph; not a document of the edict. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"MumblerJamie. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 2.0. Coin reverse with a standing figure. The same coin type as the Galerius portrait photograph; not a document of the edict. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nummus_of_Galerius_-_Reverse.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"}},{"id":"asset.serd.constantine-head","src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-960.530ad4f8.webp","alt":"Brązowa głowa przedstawiana jako Konstantyn, MC1072, Muzea Kapitolińskie w Rzymie. Nie jest znana jako znalezisko z Serdiki. Szyję dodano później.","w":1062,"h":1600,"caption":"","credit":"Jastrow (fotografia, 2006); starożytny rzeźbiarz nieznany · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Photo: Jastrow (2006). Ancient sculptor Unknown. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Bronze head presented as Constantine, MC1072, Capitoline Museums, Rome. It is not known as a find from Serdica. The neck is a later addition. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Jastrow (2006). Ancient sculptor Unknown. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Bronze head presented as Constantine, MC1072, Capitoline Museums, Rome. It is not known as a find from Serdica. The neck is a later addition. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Head_Constantine_Musei_Capitolini_MC1072.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-user","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"}},{"id":"asset.serd.rotunda","src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-960.119086ed.webp","alt":"Okrągły ceglany kościół wśród późniejszych budynków i pozostałości archeologicznych; widok współczesny.","w":2400,"h":1600,"caption":"","credit":"Ann Wuyts · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Photo: Ann Wuyts. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY 2.0. Round brick church among later buildings and archaeological remains; present-day view. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Ann Wuyts. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY 2.0. Round brick church among later buildings and archaeological remains; present-day view. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rotunda_Sveti_Georgi%2C_Sofia.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"}},{"id":"asset.serd.rotunda-detail","src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-detail-960.eece903c.webp","alt":"Fragment obecnego ceglanego muru rotundy. Zdjęcie nie pozwala datować każdej naprawy.","w":2400,"h":1594,"caption":"","credit":"Gitanes232 · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Photo: Gitanes232. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Detail of the rotunda’s present brick wall. The photograph cannot date every repair. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Gitanes232. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Detail of the rotunda’s present brick wall. The photograph cannot date every repair. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:StGeorgi-Rotundata-Sofia30.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"}},{"id":"asset.serd.fortress","src":"/media/asset-serd-fortress-960.6bab5c3b.webp","alt":"Ceglany łuk i kamienne elementy pokazane w przejściu podziemnym. Nie wszystkie widoczne elementy są nienaruszonym antycznym murem.","w":2048,"h":1536,"caption":"","credit":"Elena Chochkova · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Elena Chochkova. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. Brick arch and stone elements displayed in an underpass. Not all visible elements are untouched ancient masonry. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Elena Chochkova. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. Brick arch and stone elements displayed in an underpass. Not all visible elements are untouched ancient masonry. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Serdica_Fortress_E1.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"}},{"id":"asset.serd.largo-vertical","src":"/media/asset-serd-largo-vertical-960.a253dfeb.webp","alt":"Współczesne szklane zadaszenie i posadzka Largo z odsłoniętym murem; to nie zdjęcie antycznej nawierzchni.","w":1594,"h":2400,"caption":"","credit":"Laurens R. Krol · CC BY 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Laurens R. Krol. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY 4.0. Modern glass cover and floor of the Largo with displayed masonry; not a photograph of an ancient road surface. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Laurens R. Krol. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY 4.0. Modern glass cover and floor of the Largo with displayed masonry; not a photograph of an ancient road surface. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2016-07-27_Bulgaria%2C_Sofia%2C_Serdica_DSC_8821_DxO_2.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"}},{"id":"map-relief","src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","thumb":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","alt":"Kontekst geograficzny bez granic historycznych","w":3072,"h":1987,"caption":"","kindLabel":"Kontekst geograficzny bez granic historycznych","visibleKind":"Kontekst geograficzny bez granic historycznych","credit":"Tom Patterson · Nathaniel Vaughn Kelso · Domena publiczna · Natural Earth","license":"Domena publiczna","attribution":"Tom Patterson · Nathaniel Vaughn Kelso","attributionParts":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/10m-raster-data/10m-gray-earth/","licenseUrl":"https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"}}],"places":[{"note":"Punkt orientacyjny dla współczesnego obiektu. Obszar nie wyznacza antycznych granic.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.serd.largo","name":"Largo — pod placem Niepodległości","latitude":42.69745,"longitude":23.321332,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":100,"sourceIds":["src.serd.coordinates-largo","src.serd.complex"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/pl/place/#largo","slug":"serd.largo","url":"/pl/map/#serd.largo"},{"note":"Punkt orientacyjny dla współczesnego obiektu. Obszar nie wyznacza antycznych granic.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.serd.rotunda","name":"Rotunda św. Jerzego","latitude":42.696906,"longitude":23.322896,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":30,"sourceIds":["src.serd.coordinates-rotunda"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/pl/place/#saint-george-rotunda-church","slug":"serd.rotunda","url":"/pl/map/#serd.rotunda"}],"find":null,"next":[{"storyId":"story.krum-811","title":"Krum, Nicefor i pewien puchar","topic":"Krum i bitwa z 811 roku","eyebrow":"Krum i bitwa z 811 roku · Pliska","url":"/pl/stories/krum-811/","reason":"Wieki później Krum zdobywa Serdikę.","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-cutout-480.0872ca3e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-cutout-960.0872ca3e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-cutout-1600.0872ca3e.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#6b5e3f","h":1737,"w":1734,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-cutout-960.0872ca3e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-cutout-960.0872ca3e.webp","id":"asset.krum.coin-cutout","alt":"Wycięty detal; tło usunięte. Złota moneta Nicefora I w Muzeum Numizmatycznym w Atenach, fotografia Francesco Bini. Widać koronę, twarz i krzyż. Nie wiemy, gdzie znaleziono tę monetę.","objectCaption":"Moneta Nicefora I","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Francesco Bini · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Francesco Bini. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Gold coin of Nikephoros I in the Numismatic Museum, Athens, photographed by Francesco Bini. Crown, face and cross are visible. We do not know where this coin was found. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Francesco Bini. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Gold coin of Nikephoros I in the Numismatic Museum, Athens, photographed by Francesco Bini. Crown, face and cross are visible. We do not know where this coin was found. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monete_bizantine_della_collezione_di_louise_riancourt,_41_niceforo_I.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},"minutes":3,"sceneCount":9},{"storyId":"story.kazanlak-tomb","title":"Dłonie pod kopułą","topic":"Grobowiec w Kazanłyku","eyebrow":"Grobowiec w Kazanłyku · Kazanłyk","url":"/pl/stories/kazanlak-tomb/","reason":"","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kazan-jug-cutout-480.02e7401c.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kazan-jug-cutout-960.02e7401c.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kazan-jug-cutout-1349.02e7401c.avif","w":1349}],"dominant":"#67503a","h":1843,"w":1349,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kazan-jug-cutout-960.02e7401c.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kazan-jug-cutout-960.02e7401c.webp","id":"asset.kazan.jug-cutout","alt":"Wycięty detal; tło usunięte. Srebrny dzban ze złoconym zdobieniem, ekspozycja muzealna","objectCaption":"Srebrny dzban","caption":"Srebrny dzban ze złoconym zdobieniem, ekspozycja muzealna","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"SashaCoachman · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: SashaCoachman; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 3.0. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"SashaCoachman; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 3.0. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jug.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"},"minutes":5,"sceneCount":9},{"storyId":"story.panagyurishte-treasure","title":"Złoto z wykopu","topic":"Skarb z Panagiuriszte","eyebrow":"Skarb z Panagiuriszte · Panagiuriszte","url":"/pl/stories/panagyurishte-treasure/","reason":"","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-panag-ram-cutout-480.cb11f93e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-panag-ram-cutout-960.cb11f93e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-panag-ram-cutout-1600.cb11f93e.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#926643","h":1740,"w":2077,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-panag-ram-cutout-960.cb11f93e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-panag-ram-cutout-960.cb11f93e.webp","id":"asset.panag.ram-cutout","alt":"Wycięty detal; tło usunięte. Złoty ryton z głową barana z profilu; na szyjce Dionizos, Eriopa i dwie menady, na uchwycie lew.","objectCaption":"Ryton z głową barana","caption":"Ryton z głową barana. Na szyjce przedstawiono Dionizosa, Eriopę i dwie menady. Ekspozycja muzealna. Nie potwierdzono, czy fotografowany przedmiot jest oryginałem czy muzealną repliką.","kindLabel":"Zdjęcie","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Apostoloff · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Apostoloff, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0 Cut-out detail; background removed. Museum display; original or replica unconfirmed","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Apostoloff, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0 Cut-out detail; background removed. Museum display; original or replica unconfirmed","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:National_History_Museum,_Sofia,_Bulgaria_20090405_333.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"},"minutes":5,"sceneCount":9}],"people":[{"id":"person.galerius","name":"Galeriusz","url":"/pl/people/galerius/"},{"id":"person.constantine-great","name":"Konstantyn","url":"/pl/people/constantine-great/"},{"id":"person.saint-george","name":"Święty Jerzy","url":"/pl/people/saint-george/"}],"rulers":[],"status":"draft","fact":{"id":"fact.discover.serdica-roman-sofia","storyId":"story.serdica-roman-sofia","factId":"F05","text":"Za Trajana miasto otrzymało nazwę Ulpia Serdica.","sourceIds":["src.serd.antiquity","src.serd.names"]},"collectionFind":{"number":21,"total":59,"title":"Brązowa głowa","dateLabel":"Brak datowania","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-cutout-480.6c3193f1.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-cutout-960.6c3193f1.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-cutout-1223.6c3193f1.avif","w":1223}],"dominant":"#69543f","h":2180,"w":1223,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-cutout-960.6c3193f1.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-cutout-960.6c3193f1.webp","id":"asset.serd.constantine-head-cutout","alt":"Wycięty detal; tło usunięte. Brązowa głowa przedstawiana jako Konstantyn, MC1072, Muzea Kapitolińskie w Rzymie. Nie jest znana jako znalezisko z Serdiki. Szyję dodano później.","objectCaption":"Brązowa głowa","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Jastrow (fotografia, 2006); starożytny rzeźbiarz nieznany · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Photo: Jastrow (2006). Ancient sculptor Unknown. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Bronze head presented as Constantine, MC1072, Capitoline Museums, Rome. It is not known as a find from Serdica. The neck is a later addition. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Jastrow (2006). Ancient sculptor Unknown. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Bronze head presented as Constantine, MC1072, Capitoline Museums, Rome. It is not known as a find from Serdica. The neck is a later addition. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Head_Constantine_Musei_Capitolini_MC1072.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-user"}},"ui":{"web.learnPromo":"Czytaj te historie po bułgarsku — poznaj język","web.travelPromo":"Odwiedź to miejsce — przewodnik po Bułgarii","web.autoAdvance":"Automatycznie przejdź do następnej sceny","web.repeatActivities":"Powtórz zadania","web.shortcuts":"Skróty klawiaturowe","web.sceneNavigation":"Poprzednia / następna scena","web.findCount":"Odkryto {count} z {total}","web.resumeNarration":"Wznów od {time}","web.activityLabel":"Zadanie","web.skippedActivities":"Zadania · {count} — rozpocznij","web.placesCount":"miejsca: {count}","web.moreAnswers":"Więcej odpowiedzi poniżej","web.playerSceneOf":"Scena {scene} z {total}: {title}","web.closeStory":"Zamknij historię","web.imageFit":"Pokaż cały obraz","web.activityOf":"Zadanie · {scene} z {total}","web.activityMoved":"Przeniesiono: pozycja {scene} z {total}","web.activityIncomplete":"Połącz wszystkie pary","web.seekTen":"Wstecz / do przodu o 10 sekund","web.activityFromScene":"Ze sceny {scene}","web.nextStory":"Następna historia","web.transcriptRevised":"tekst doprecyzowano","action.close":"Zamknij","action.next":"Dalej","action.retry":"Spróbuj ponownie","activity.check":"Sprawdź","answer.correct":"Poprawnie","answer.incorrect":"Niezupełnie","audio.backTen":"Cofnij o 10 sekund","audio.pause":"Wstrzymaj","audio.play":"Odtwórz narrację","audio.seek":"Pozycja narracji","audio.speed":"Tempo narracji","audio.synthetic":"Głos syntetyczny","audio.unavailable":"Nagranie jest niedostępne. Tekst jest tutaj.","bookmark.add":"Zapisz opowieść","bookmark.inSaved":"W zapisanych","bookmark.remove":"Usuń zapisaną opowieść","bookmark.removed":"Usunięto zakładkę","credit.title":"Ilustracje","discover.audioMinutes %lld":{"one":"%lld minuta","few":"%lld minuty","many":"%lld minut","other":"%lld minuty"},"discover.mapLabel":"Kontekst geograficzny bez granic historycznych","player.approximate":"Przybliżone położenie","player.back":"Wstecz","player.completed":"Nowe znalezisko w twojej kolekcji","player.counter %lld %lld":"%1$lld / %2$lld","player.details %lld":"Szczegóły (%lld)","player.explanation":"Dlaczego?","player.finish":"Zakończ","player.firstCorrect":"✓ Poprawnie za pierwszym razem","player.firstOther":"Pierwsza próba pozostaje zapisana. Powtórka służy ćwiczeniu.","player.interpretation":"Interpretacja","player.matchHint":"Dotknij pojęcia po lewej, potem znaczenia po prawej. Dotknij połączonego elementu, aby rozłączyć parę.","player.moveDown":"Przesuń w dół","player.moveUp":"Przesuń w górę","player.nextDetail":"Następny szczegół","player.previousDetail":"Poprzedni szczegół","player.related":"Powiązane historie","player.scene %lld":"Część %lld","player.sequenceHint":"Ułóż od najstarszego do najnowszego.","player.showAll":"Pokaż wszystkie","player.skip":"Pomiń","player.sources %lld":"Źródła · %lld","player.summary %lld %lld":"Zadania: %1$lld z %2$lld poprawnie za pierwszym razem","player.unpair":"Rozłącz parę","player.vitrine":"Do znalezisk","sources.title":"Źródła","story.listen":"Słuchaj","story.sceneCount %lld":{"one":"%lld scena","few":"%lld sceny","many":"%lld scen","other":"%lld sceny"},"story.start":"Zacznij","answer.chosen":"Wybrana odpowiedź","answer.skipped":"Zadanie pominięte","answer.revealed":"Odpowiedź wyświetlona","answer.correctOrder":"Prawidłowa kolejność","answer.correctPairs":"Prawidłowe pary","answer.yours.correct":"Twoja odpowiedź · poprawna","answer.yours.incorrect":"Twoja odpowiedź · błędna","audio.stop":"Zatrzymaj odtwarzanie","Search.search.group.places":"Miejsca","Atlas.zoomIn":"Przybliż","Atlas.zoomOut":"Oddal"},"promos":{"learn":{"icon":"/media/promo/learn-160.webp","name":"Nauka bułgarskiego","url":"https://bulgaria.zydeno.com/pl/learn-bulgarian/"},"travel":{"icon":"/media/promo/travel-160.webp","name":"Przewodnik Bułgaria","url":"https://bulgaria.zydeno.com/pl/travel-guide-bulgaria/"}}}