{"version":2,"locale":"pl","id":"story.shipka-1877","hasFind":true,"slug":"shipka-1877","url":"/pl/stories/shipka-1877/","topic":"Szipka","title":"Droga przez Szipkę","summary":"Górska droga, wspólna obrona i sztandar przywieziony z Samary. Jak teren i posiłki wpływają na sierpniowe walki i co pokazuje późniejszy pomnik.","cover":{"title":"Droga przez Szipkę","subtitle":"Przełęcz Szipka, sierpień 1877 r.","hook":"Jak obrońcy utrzymali przełęcz?","summary":"Górska droga, wspólna obrona i sztandar przywieziony z Samary. Jak teren i posiłki wpływają na sierpniowe walki i co pokazuje późniejszy pomnik.","takeaway":"Utrzymanie przełęczy wiąże się ze wspólną obroną, terenem i posiłkami; przedmioty i pomniki opowiadają różne części tej historii."},"sortYear":1877,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.revival","styleId":"revival","sortOrder":1,"title":"Odrodzenie i wyzwolenie","dateLabel":"XVIII–XIX wiek","eraShort":"Odrodzenie","slug":"revival","fill":"#B9A48E","ink":"#221616","raised":"#C4B29F","dark":"#77654D"},"epochId":"epoch.revival","placeShort":"Szipka","date":"1877","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-detail-cutout-480.59ac5cee.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-detail-cutout-864.59ac5cee.avif","w":864}],"dominant":"#93837c","h":1192,"w":864,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-detail-cutout-864.59ac5cee.webp","w":864}],"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-detail-cutout-864.59ac5cee.webp","id":"asset.shipka.monument-detail-cutout","alt":"Wycięty detal; tło usunięte. Kamienna wieża — pomnik odsłonięty w 1934 roku","objectCaption":"Kamienna wieża","caption":"Kamienna wieża — pomnik odsłonięty w 1934 roku","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Ivano Giambattista · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Ivano Giambattista / Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Stone tower — memorial opened in 1934. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Ivano Giambattista / Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Stone tower — memorial opened in 1934. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shipka_Monument_4.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"},"scenes":[{"id":"shipka-1877.s1-pass","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Przełęcz, która musi pozostać zamknięta","body":"21 sierpnia 1877 r. według nowego stylu rozpoczynają się ataki na przełęcz Szipka. Według starego kalendarza jest to 9 sierpnia. Wojna między Rosją a Imperium Osmańskim sprowadziła już wojska w góry Stara Płanina. Pod dowództwem generała Nikołaja Stoletowa bronią się tu oddziały rosyjskie i bułgarscy ochotnicy, zwani opołczencami.\n\nDla Sulejmana Paszy przełęcz jest drogą do sił osmańskich na północ od gór. Połączenie z nimi ma złagodzić rosyjski nacisk pod Plewną. Obrońcy muszą utrzymać tę drogę. Dlaczego jednak kilka tysięcy ludzi potrafi stawić czoło liczniejszej armii? Odpowiedź zaczyna się od terenu, a nie od pomnika, który widzimy dziś.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-front-480.9ce63c5c.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-front-960.9ce63c5c.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-front-1600.9ce63c5c.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#62a6ab","h":1081,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-front-960.9ce63c5c.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-front-960.9ce63c5c.webp","id":"asset.shipka.monument-front","alt":"Pomnik Wolności na grzbiecie górskim — widok współczesny","objectCaption":"Pomnik Wolności na grzbiecie górskim — widok współczesny","caption":"Pomnik Wolności na grzbiecie górskim — widok współczesny","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Ivano Giambattista · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Ivano Giambattista / Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Freedom Monument on the ridge — modern view. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Ivano Giambattista / Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Freedom Monument on the ridge — modern view. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shipka_Monument_1.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":43.20404166666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.shipka-1877.shipka-1877.s1-pass","duration":43.307,"src":"/audio/pl/shipka-1877/s1-pass.c705d714.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.shipka.august"},{"id":"src.shipka.battle"},{"id":"src.shipka.tasdemir2021"}]},{"id":"shipka-1877.s2-ridges","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Grzbiety, doliny i jedna droga","body":"Spójrz na Gabrowo na północ od przełęczy i Starą Zagorę na południu. To punkty orientacyjne, a nie zarys frontu. W okolicach Szipki równoległe grzbiety oddzielają głębokie, zalesione doliny. Baterie i okopy pomagają obrońcom; manewry oskrzydlające zagrażają ich flankom. Droga do Gabrowa jest ważna dla zaopatrzenia i odwrotu.\n\nMuzea podają około 7500 obrońców. Historyk Ahmet Taşdemir odróżnia około 4500 ludzi na samej przełęczy przed atakiem od 7000 przeznaczonych do obrony, w tym rezerwy w Gabrowie. Taşdemir oddziela ludzi na przełęczy od rezerwy w Gabrowie. Nie ustalono, czy różnica wobec szacunku muzeów wynika z czasu liczenia, uwzględnionych oddziałów czy z czegoś innego. Przybywają też posiłki.","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Pomnik Wolności na Szipce upamiętnia walki z 1877 roku; powstał później niż stanowiska bojowe.","precision":"exact","id":"place.shipka.monument","name":"Pomnik Wolności, Szipka","latitude":42.748194,"longitude":25.321545,"accuracy":"verified_point","radiusMeters":30,"sourceIds":["src.shipka.bas2024","src.shipka.coord-monument"],"short":"Szipka","guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/pl/places/shipka-memorial/","slug":"shipka.monument","url":"/pl/map/#shipka.monument"},{"note":"Gabrowo leży na północ od przełęczy Szipka. Prowadząca stąd droga była ważna dla zaopatrzenia i posiłków w 1877 roku.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.shipka.gabrovo","name":"Gabrowo","latitude":42.874242,"longitude":25.31784,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1500,"sourceIds":["src.shipka.coord-gabrovo"],"short":"Gabrowo","guideUrl":null,"slug":"shipka.gabrovo","url":"/pl/map/#shipka.gabrovo"},{"note":"Stara Zagora jest związana z walkami o sztandar samarski, poprzedzającymi sierpniową obronę Szipki.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.shipka.stara-zagora","name":"Stara Zagora","latitude":42.425668,"longitude":25.634595,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":3000,"sourceIds":["src.shipka.coord-stara-zagora"],"short":"Stara Zagora","guideUrl":null,"slug":"shipka.stara-zagora","url":"/pl/map/#shipka.stara-zagora"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-1536.8876519a.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-2048.4c826249.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-3072.8876519a.avif","w":3072}]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief-dark@3x.jpg?v=0941a59d06","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-1024.73ab39a9.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-1536.4f3ca147.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-2048.73ab39a9.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-3072.4f3ca147.avif","w":3072}]},"places":[{"note":"Pomnik Wolności na Szipce upamiętnia walki z 1877 roku; powstał później niż stanowiska bojowe.","precision":"exact","id":"place.shipka.monument","name":"Pomnik Wolności, Szipka","latitude":42.748194,"longitude":25.321545,"accuracy":"verified_point","radiusMeters":30,"sourceIds":["src.shipka.bas2024","src.shipka.coord-monument"],"short":"Szipka","guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/pl/places/shipka-memorial/","slug":"shipka.monument","url":"/pl/map/#shipka.monument","number":1,"x":47.76931,"y":49.49721,"inside":true,"viewX":47.60506632258064,"viewY":46.70120182903227},{"note":"Gabrowo leży na północ od przełęczy Szipka. Prowadząca stąd droga była ważna dla zaopatrzenia i posiłków w 1877 roku.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.shipka.gabrovo","name":"Gabrowo","latitude":42.874242,"longitude":25.31784,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1500,"sourceIds":["src.shipka.coord-gabrovo"],"short":"Gabrowo","guideUrl":null,"slug":"shipka.gabrovo","url":"/pl/map/#shipka.gabrovo","number":2,"x":47.723,"y":46.17585,"inside":true,"viewX":56.60506632258064,"viewY":52.70120182903227},{"note":"Stara Zagora jest związana z walkami o sztandar samarski, poprzedzającymi sierpniową obronę Szipki.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.shipka.stara-zagora","name":"Stara Zagora","latitude":42.425668,"longitude":25.634595,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":3000,"sourceIds":["src.shipka.coord-stara-zagora"],"short":"Stara Zagora","guideUrl":null,"slug":"shipka.stara-zagora","url":"/pl/map/#shipka.stara-zagora","number":3,"x":51.68244,"y":57.96516,"inside":true,"viewX":65.60506632258064,"viewY":58.70120182903227}],"extent":[0,0,1,1],"orientation":[{"name":"Sofia","kind":"town","x":22.774,"y":50.826,"viewX":16.64313393548387,"viewY":48.40462488064518},{"name":"Płowdiw","kind":"town","x":40.566,"y":65.549,"viewX":38.68225651612903,"viewY":67.27856100967745},{"name":"Warna","kind":"town","x":80.184,"y":37.187,"viewX":87.75745651612904,"viewY":30.920306816129038},{"name":"Burgas","kind":"town","x":74.532,"y":55.892,"viewX":80.75626941935484,"viewY":54.89891004193551},{"name":"Ruse","kind":"town","x":55.821,"y":20.617,"viewX":57.578772645161294,"viewY":9.678635848387106},{"name":"Wielkie Tyrnowo","kind":"town","x":51.465,"y":40.853,"viewX":52.18295329032259,"viewY":35.61988230000001},{"name":"Plewen","kind":"town","x":38.834,"y":31.796,"viewX":36.53681135483871,"viewY":24.00939262258066},{"name":"Stara Zagora","kind":"town","x":51.681,"y":57.962,"viewX":52.450514580645155,"viewY":57.5525164935484},{"name":"Szumen","kind":"town","x":67.951,"y":35.671,"viewX":72.60432103225807,"viewY":28.976892622580653},{"name":"Widyń","kind":"town","x":17.099,"y":16.308,"viewX":9.61345651612903,"viewY":4.154775848387103},{"name":"Błagojewgrad","kind":"town","x":19.929,"y":68.531,"viewX":13.119004903225804,"viewY":71.10129262258067},{"name":"Chaskowo","kind":"town","x":50.694,"y":70.78,"viewX":51.227908129032265,"viewY":73.98436552580647},{"name":"Smolan","kind":"town","x":40.014,"y":80.031,"viewX":37.998488774193554,"viewY":85.84355068709681},{"name":"Sliwen","kind":"town","x":60.286,"y":51.247,"viewX":63.10961135483873,"viewY":48.94431971935485},{"name":"Dobricz","kind":"town","x":79.091,"y":27.65,"viewX":86.40354683870967,"viewY":18.69448810645162},{"name":"Pernik","kind":"town","x":19.223,"y":53.257,"viewX":12.244475870967737,"viewY":51.5210100419355},{"name":"Jamboł","kind":"town","x":62.544,"y":56.432,"viewX":65.9066178064516,"viewY":55.59115520322583},{"name":"Pazardżik","kind":"town","x":35.42,"y":64.052,"viewX":32.307856516129036,"viewY":65.3595035903226},{"name":"Wraca","kind":"town","x":25.661,"y":37.29,"viewX":20.219288774193547,"viewY":31.052346170967756},{"name":"Gabrowo","kind":"town","x":47.734,"y":46.177,"viewX":47.561327483870976,"viewY":42.44490681612905},{"name":"Kyrdżali","kind":"town","x":48.471,"y":78.573,"viewX":48.474256516129024,"viewY":83.97448875161292},{"name":"Kiustendił","kind":"town","x":14.889,"y":61.673,"viewX":6.875908129032256,"viewY":62.309779074193564},{"name":"Montana","kind":"town","x":21.563,"y":31.916,"viewX":15.143056516129027,"viewY":24.16322488064517},{"name":"Łowecz","kind":"town","x":40.178,"y":39.23,"viewX":38.20163716129032,"viewY":33.53930100967743},{"name":"Silistra","kind":"town","x":72.008,"y":13.056,"viewX":77.62976619354839,"viewY":-0.01407834516128826},{"name":"Tyrgowiszte","kind":"town","x":63.402,"y":36.202,"viewX":66.96943070967741,"viewY":29.65760036451614},{"name":"Razgrad","kind":"town","x":62.709,"y":28.698,"viewX":66.11100490322582,"viewY":20.037956493548396},{"name":"Kazanłyk","kind":"town","x":48.661,"y":52.884,"viewX":48.70961135483871,"viewY":51.04284810645162},{"name":"Dunaj","kind":"nature","x":46.384,"y":23.924,"viewX":45.88906941935485,"viewY":13.917996493548396},{"name":"Morze Czarne","kind":"nature","x":86.25,"y":45.496,"viewX":95.27146941935484,"viewY":41.571908751612916},{"name":"Stara Płanina","kind":"nature","x":41.25,"y":49.45,"viewX":39.52953393548387,"viewY":46.64068165483873},{"name":"Riła","kind":"nature","x":25.625,"y":65.69,"viewX":20.174695225806445,"viewY":67.45931391290323},{"name":"Pirin","kind":"nature","x":24.125,"y":75.565,"viewX":18.31663070967742,"viewY":80.11842681612904},{"name":"Rodopy","kind":"nature","x":38.75,"y":79.447,"viewX":36.432759741935484,"viewY":85.09490036451615},{"name":"Strandża","kind":"nature","x":76.25,"y":67.774,"viewX":82.88437264516128,"viewY":70.13086746129034}],"crop":{"sx":0.8072916666666666,"sy":0.7800704579768494,"x":0.09338136666666669,"y":0.1306698210115752},"credit":{"id":"map-relief"}},"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":48.358875,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.shipka-1877.shipka-1877.s2-ridges","duration":48.469,"src":"/audio/pl/shipka-1877/s2-ridges.de34ba52.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.shipka.tasdemir2021"},{"id":"src.shipka.august"}]},{"id":"shipka-1877.s3-flag","number":3,"kind":"artifact","title":"Sztandar przywieziony z Samary","body":"Spójrz na tkaninę: czerwień, biel i błękit oraz wizerunek w ozdobnym krzyżu. To muzealna kopia sztandaru samarskiego. Oryginał uszyły i wyhaftowały mniszki w Samarze; Nikołaj Simakow stworzył wizerunki ikonowe. Po jednej stronie znajduje się Matka Boża, po drugiej Cyryl i Metody.\n\nSztandar wręczono w maju 1877 r. pod Ploeszti Trzeciej Drużynie Opołczenia. Jego droga łączy walki pod Starą Zagorą, Szipką i Szejnowem. Naszym zdaniem sztandar zwraca uwagę na udział opołczenców u boku rosyjskich pułków. Oryginał jest przechowywany w Narodowym Muzeum Historii Wojskowości od 1946 r.; to zdjęcie go nie przedstawia.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-samara-copy-480.86c799ef.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-samara-copy-960.86c799ef.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-samara-copy-1600.86c799ef.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#715762","h":2400,"w":1889,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-samara-copy-960.86c799ef.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-shipka-samara-copy-960.86c799ef.webp","id":"asset.shipka.samara-copy","alt":"Kopia sztandaru samarskiego na Szipce — strona z Matką Bożą","objectCaption":"Kopia sztandaru samarskiego na Szipce — strona z Matką Bożą","caption":"Kopia sztandaru samarskiego na Szipce — strona z Matką Bożą","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Ivano Giambattista · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Ivano Giambattista / Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Copy of the Samara flag at Shipka — Mother of God side. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Ivano Giambattista / Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Copy of the Samara flag at Shipka — Mother of God side. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Samara_Flag.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-samara-copy-reverse-480.6c8c5879.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-samara-copy-reverse-960.6c8c5879.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-samara-copy-reverse-1600.6c8c5879.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#b37761","h":1800,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-samara-copy-reverse-960.6c8c5879.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-shipka-samara-copy-reverse-960.6c8c5879.webp","id":"asset.shipka.samara-copy-reverse","alt":"Kopia sztandaru samarskiego — strona z Cyrylem i Metodym","objectCaption":"Kopia sztandaru samarskiego — strona z Cyrylem i Metodym. To nie jest oryginalna tkanina z 1877 roku.","caption":"Kopia sztandaru samarskiego — strona z Cyrylem i Metodym. To nie jest oryginalna tkanina z 1877 roku.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Klearchos Kapoutsis from Paleo Faliro, Greece · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Klearchos Kapoutsis from Paleo Faliro, Greece / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY 2.0. Copy of the Samara flag — Cyril and Methodius side. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Klearchos Kapoutsis from Paleo Faliro, Greece / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY 2.0. Copy of the Samara flag — Cyril and Methodius side. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Samara_Flag_Klearchos_Photo.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-flag-colours","x":0.3,"y":0.71,"title":"Trzy kolory","body":"Na muzealnej kopii widać czerwień, biel i błękit.","sourceIds":["src.shipka.media.samara-copy"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-flag-icon","x":0.6,"y":0.58,"title":"Matka Boża z Dzieciątkiem","body":"W krzyżu widnieje Matka Boża z Dzieciątkiem. Na odwrocie są Cyryl i Metody.","sourceIds":["src.shipka.icons","src.shipka.media.samara-copy"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-flag-finial","x":0.75,"y":0.07,"title":"Grot drzewca","body":"Na szczycie drzewca widać ozdobny grot. Fotografia przedstawia kopię, a nie stan oryginału po walkach.","sourceIds":["src.shipka.media.samara-copy","src.shipka.copy"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":42.46104166666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.shipka-1877.shipka-1877.s3-flag","duration":42.581,"src":"/audio/pl/shipka-1877/s3-flag.65beee76.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.shipka.may"},{"id":"src.shipka.flag"},{"id":"src.shipka.icons"},{"id":"src.shipka.copy"}]},{"id":"shipka-1877.s4-relief","number":4,"kind":"narrative","title":"Trzeci dzień","body":"23 sierpnia, trzeciego dnia walk, obrońcom kończy się amunicja. Oddziały osmańskie nacierają na pozycje z kilku stron. Muzeum podaje około 27 000 ludzi i osobno rezerwę 10 000, a Taşdemir około 26 500 przed natarciem. Nie uzgodniono, jakie siły i jaki moment obejmują te szacunki; nie pokazują one, ilu ludzi atakuje jednocześnie.\n\nZ Gabrowa przybywają posiłki wysłane przez generała Radieckiego. Są wśród nich strzelcy z Szesnastego Batalionu Strzelców. Kryzys zostaje zażegnany, a przełęcz pozostaje w rękach obrońców. To przełom, ale nie koniec walk. Posiłki docierają na przełęcz drogą z Gabrowa.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-stoletov-portrait-480.2ab4fd1d.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-stoletov-portrait-960.2ab4fd1d.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-stoletov-portrait-1340.2ab4fd1d.avif","w":1340}],"dominant":"#a2a1a1","h":1594,"w":1340,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-stoletov-portrait-960.2ab4fd1d.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-shipka-stoletov-portrait-960.2ab4fd1d.webp","id":"asset.shipka.stoletov-portrait","alt":"Nikołaj Stoletow — rycina opublikowana w 1878 roku","objectCaption":"Nikołaj Stoletow — rycina opublikowana w 1878 roku","caption":"Nikołaj Stoletow — rycina opublikowana w 1878 roku","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"П. Ф. Борел; И. Матюшин · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Nikolai Stoletov — engraving published in 1878. Drawing: P. F. Borel; engraving: I. Matyushin. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Nikolai Stoletov — engraving published in 1878. Drawing: P. F. Borel; engraving: I. Matyushin. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87,_1877.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Public_domain"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":43.738125,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.shipka-1877.shipka-1877.s4-relief","duration":43.861,"src":"/audio/pl/shipka-1877/s4-relief.02f0530e.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.shipka.battle"},{"id":"src.shipka.august"},{"id":"src.shipka.tasdemir2021"}]},{"id":"shipka-1877.a1-relief","number":5,"kind":"activity","title":"Zadanie: dlaczego przybywają posiłki","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.shipka.relief","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Która droga ma znaczenie dla zaopatrzenia i przybycia posiłków?","sourceIds":["src.shipka.battle","src.shipka.tasdemir2021"],"items":[{"id":"opt-gabrovo","label":"Do Gabrowa"},{"id":"opt-samara","label":"Do Samary","whyWrong":"Samara jest miejscem, z którego pochodzi sztandar, a nie bezpośrednią drogą zaopatrzenia."},{"id":"opt-pleven","label":"Prosto przez obleganą Plewnę","whyWrong":"Plewna wyjaśnia cel strategiczny, ale nie jest wskazaną drogą posiłków."}],"explanation":"Droga zaopatrzeniowa prowadzi na północ do Gabrowa. Stamtąd trzeciego dnia przybywają posiłki.","correctItemId":"opt-gabrovo","sources":[{"id":"src.shipka.battle"},{"id":"src.shipka.tasdemir2021"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":4.148083333333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.shipka-1877.shipka-1877.a1-relief","duration":4.267,"src":"/audio/pl/shipka-1877/a1-relief.2d340963.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.shipka.battle"},{"id":"src.shipka.tasdemir2021"}]},{"id":"shipka-1877.s5-cost","number":6,"kind":"narrative","title":"Utrzymanie przełęczy ma swoją cenę","body":"W kolejnych dniach oddziały rosyjskie również przeprowadzają kontrataki. Taşdemir odróżnia natarcie osmańskie z 21–23 sierpnia od walk z 24–26 sierpnia, gdy atakują także Rosjanie. Według Taşdemira ataki na umocnione pozycje w trudnym terenie prowadzą do ciężkich strat w obu armiach. Przełęcz została utrzymana, ale nie zmniejsza to cierpienia.\n\nWedług Taşdemira problemy osmańskiego dowództwa, rozmieszczenia sił i czasu działania pomagają wyjaśnić niepowodzenie ataków. Jest to interpretacja historyczna. Uzupełnia ona opowieść o obronie o decyzje strony nacierającej. Jesienią i zimą obrona trwa nadal. Sierpniowych dni nie należy utożsamiać ze wszystkimi następnymi miesiącami.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-landscape-480.64957774.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-landscape-960.64957774.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-landscape-1600.64957774.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#839cb0","h":767,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-landscape-960.64957774.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-landscape-960.64957774.webp","id":"asset.shipka.monument-landscape","alt":"Górski krajobraz w okolicach Szipki dziś","objectCaption":"Górski krajobraz w okolicach Szipki dziś","caption":"Górski krajobraz w okolicach Szipki dziś","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Ivano Giambattista · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Ivano Giambattista / Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Mountain landscape at Shipka today. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Ivano Giambattista / Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Mountain landscape at Shipka today. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shipka_Monument_3.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":46.44325,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.shipka-1877.shipka-1877.s5-cost","duration":46.549,"src":"/audio/pl/shipka-1877/s5-cost.4071141a.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.shipka.tasdemir2021"},{"id":"src.shipka.battle"}]},{"id":"shipka-1877.a2-timeline","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Zadanie: ułóż chronologicznie","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.shipka.timeline","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Ułóż wydarzenia od najwcześniejszego do najpóźniejszego.","sourceIds":["src.shipka.may","src.shipka.tasdemir2021","src.shipka.battle"],"items":[{"id":"ev-flag","label":"Przekazanie sztandaru samarskiego"},{"id":"ev-attacks","label":"Początek ataków"},{"id":"ev-relief","label":"Przybycie posiłków"},{"id":"ev-counterattack","label":"Rosyjskie kontrataki"}],"explanation":"Wszystkie wydarzenia miały miejsce w 1877 r.; maj poprzedza sierpień, a sierpniowe daty podano tu według nowego stylu.","correctOrderIds":["ev-flag","ev-attacks","ev-relief","ev-counterattack"],"sources":[{"id":"src.shipka.may"},{"id":"src.shipka.tasdemir2021"},{"id":"src.shipka.battle"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.84625,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.shipka-1877.shipka-1877.a2-timeline","duration":3.968,"src":"/audio/pl/shipka-1877/a2-timeline.63ca2693.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.shipka.may"},{"id":"src.shipka.tasdemir2021"},{"id":"src.shipka.battle"}]},{"id":"shipka-1877.s6-memory","number":8,"kind":"narrative","title":"Przedmiot i pamięć","body":"Przełęcz utrzymano dzięki wspólnej obronie, której sprzyjały teren i przybyłe posiłki. W naszej interpretacji opołczency są symbolem bułgarskiego udziału we wspólnej obronie. Sztandar samarski, powierzony Trzeciej Drużynie Opołczenia, jest jednym z przedmiotów, przez które opowiadamy o tym udziale.\n\nKamienną wieżę odsłonięto 26 sierpnia 1934 r. Zbudowano ją z datków według projektu architekta Donkowa i rzeźbiarza Andrejewa. Na parterze znajduje się ossuarium z sarkofagiem. Sztandar na wystawie jest kopią wykonaną w 1981 r. Pomnik, kopia i oryginał to różne świadectwa. Rozróżniając je, widzimy zarówno samo wydarzenie, jak i sposób, w jaki później je upamiętniano.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-detail-480.b6a8e8a8.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-detail-960.b6a8e8a8.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-detail-1600.b6a8e8a8.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#6fa0b7","h":1174,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-detail-960.b6a8e8a8.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-detail-960.b6a8e8a8.webp","id":"asset.shipka.monument-detail","alt":"Kamienna wieża — pomnik odsłonięty w 1934 roku","objectCaption":"Kamienna wieża","caption":"Kamienna wieża — pomnik odsłonięty w 1934 roku","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Ivano Giambattista · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Ivano Giambattista / Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Stone tower — memorial opened in 1934. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Ivano Giambattista / Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Stone tower — memorial opened in 1934. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shipka_Monument_4.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-side-480.b86ed63e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-side-960.b86ed63e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-side-1600.b86ed63e.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#7ea3b3","h":1088,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-side-960.b86ed63e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-side-960.b86ed63e.webp","id":"asset.shipka.monument-side","alt":"Grzbiet górski i pomnik — widok współczesny","objectCaption":"Grzbiet górski i pomnik — widok współczesny","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Ivano Giambattista · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Ivano Giambattista / Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Ridge and monument — modern view. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Ivano Giambattista / Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Ridge and monument — modern view. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shipka_Monument_2.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-approach-480.a9b0d935.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-approach-960.a9b0d935.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-approach-1600.a9b0d935.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#6c97a6","h":1086,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-approach-960.a9b0d935.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-approach-960.a9b0d935.webp","id":"asset.shipka.monument-approach","alt":"Podejście do Pomnika Wolności dziś","objectCaption":"Podejście do Pomnika Wolności dziś","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Ivano Giambattista · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Ivano Giambattista / Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Approach to the Freedom Monument today. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Ivano Giambattista / Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Approach to the Freedom Monument today. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shipka_Monument_5.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Pomnik Wolności na Szipce upamiętnia walki z 1877 roku; powstał później niż stanowiska bojowe.","precision":"exact","id":"place.shipka.monument","name":"Pomnik Wolności, Szipka","latitude":42.748194,"longitude":25.321545,"accuracy":"verified_point","radiusMeters":30,"sourceIds":["src.shipka.bas2024","src.shipka.coord-monument"],"short":"Szipka","guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/pl/places/shipka-memorial/","slug":"shipka.monument","url":"/pl/map/#shipka.monument"},{"note":"Gabrowo leży na północ od przełęczy Szipka. Prowadząca stąd droga była ważna dla zaopatrzenia i posiłków w 1877 roku.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.shipka.gabrovo","name":"Gabrowo","latitude":42.874242,"longitude":25.31784,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1500,"sourceIds":["src.shipka.coord-gabrovo"],"short":"Gabrowo","guideUrl":null,"slug":"shipka.gabrovo","url":"/pl/map/#shipka.gabrovo"},{"note":"Stara Zagora jest związana z walkami o sztandar samarski, poprzedzającymi sierpniową obronę Szipki.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.shipka.stara-zagora","name":"Stara Zagora","latitude":42.425668,"longitude":25.634595,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":3000,"sourceIds":["src.shipka.coord-stara-zagora"],"short":"Stara Zagora","guideUrl":null,"slug":"shipka.stara-zagora","url":"/pl/map/#shipka.stara-zagora"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":47.27916666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.shipka-1877.shipka-1877.s6-memory","duration":47.403,"src":"/audio/pl/shipka-1877/s6-memory.0679f62a.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.shipka.monument"},{"id":"src.shipka.copy"},{"id":"src.shipka.flag"},{"id":"src.shipka.august"},{"id":"src.shipka.may"},{"id":"src.shipka.bas2024"}]},{"id":"shipka-1877.a3-matching","number":9,"kind":"activity","title":"Zadanie: połącz","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.shipka.matching","kind":"matching","prompt":"Połącz świadectwo z jego opisem.","sourceIds":["src.shipka.flag","src.shipka.copy","src.shipka.monument"],"items":[{"id":"pair-original","label":"Oryginalny sztandar samarski","pairedLabel":"W Narodowym Muzeum Historii Wojskowości"},{"id":"pair-copy","label":"Kopia w Szipce","pairedLabel":"Wykonana w 1981 r."},{"id":"pair-monument","label":"Kamienny pomnik","pairedLabel":"Odsłonięty w 1934 r."}],"explanation":"Oryginalny przedmiot, późniejsza kopia i pomnik mają różne daty i różne znaczenie jako świadectwa.","sources":[{"id":"src.shipka.flag"},{"id":"src.shipka.copy"},{"id":"src.shipka.monument"}],"columns":["Element","Opis"]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":2.8477916666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.shipka-1877.shipka-1877.a3-matching","duration":2.944,"src":"/audio/pl/shipka-1877/a3-matching.23002943.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.shipka.flag"},{"id":"src.shipka.copy"},{"id":"src.shipka.monument"}]}],"minutes":5,"sources":[{"year":null,"url":"https://militarymuseum.bg/voenna-istoria/voenen-kalendar/avgust/","institutionOrAuthor":"Национален военноисторически музей","id":"src.shipka.august","title":"Военен календар: Август","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","authors":["Национален военноисторически музей"],"accessed":"2026-10-28","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg"},"container":""},{"year":2024,"url":"https://iefem.bas.bg/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Sledite-na-geroichnoto-vreme_sm.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Вуков, Николай; Ненов, Николай; Григоров, Григор Хар.; Рошкева, Ренета; Казаларска, Светла; Атанасов, Владислав; Воскресенски, Валентин; Великов, Искрен. Редактори: Григор Хар. Григоров и Светла Казаларска. ИЕФЕМ–БАН.","id":"src.shipka.bas2024","title":"Следите на героичното време: места на памет, свързани с националноосвободителните борби (1867–1878)","container":"София: ИК „Гутенберг“; ISBN 978-619-176-231-6","pages":"640–641","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","authors":["Вуков, Николай; Ненов, Николай; Григоров, Григор Хар.; Рошкева, Ренета; Казаларска, Светла; Атанасов, Владислав; Воскресенски, Валентин; Великов, Искрен. Редактори: Григор Хар. Григоров и Светла Казаларска. ИЕФЕМ–БАН."],"accessed":"2026-10-28","isPdf":true,"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.shipkamuseum.org/about/our-story/","institutionOrAuthor":"Национален парк-музей „Шипка-Бузлуджа“","id":"src.shipka.battle","title":"Шипченска епопея","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","authors":["Национален парк-музей „Шипка-Бузлуджа“"],"accessed":"2026-10-28","container":""},{"year":2016,"url":"https://www.shipkamuseum.org/2016/10/05/днес-националният-парк-музей-шипка/","institutionOrAuthor":"Национален парк-музей „Шипка-Бузлуджа“","id":"src.shipka.copy","title":"Днес Националният парк-музей „Шипка“ навършва 60 години","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","authors":["Национален парк-музей „Шипка-Бузлуджа“"],"accessed":"2026-10-28","fieldLanguages":{"title":"bg"},"container":""},{"year":null,"url":"https://militarymuseum.bg/item/samarsko-zname/","institutionOrAuthor":"Национален военноисторически музей","id":"src.shipka.flag","title":"Самарско знаме","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","authors":["Национален военноисторически музей"],"accessed":"2026-10-28","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg"},"container":""},{"year":2008,"url":"https://militarymuseum.bg/novini/2008/01/18/na-18-01-2008g-be-otkrita-izlozhbata-voini-na-svobodata/","institutionOrAuthor":"Национален военноисторически музей","id":"src.shipka.icons","title":"Изложба „Войни на свободата“","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","authors":["Национален военноисторически музей"],"accessed":"2026-10-28","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg"},"container":""},{"year":null,"url":"https://militarymuseum.bg/voenna-istoria/voenen-kalendar/may/","institutionOrAuthor":"Национален военноисторически музей","id":"src.shipka.may","title":"Военен календар: Май — 1877, 6 май","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","authors":["Национален военноисторически музей"],"accessed":"2026-10-28","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg"},"container":""},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.shipkamuseum.org/about/our-mission/","institutionOrAuthor":"Национален парк-музей „Шипка-Бузлуджа“","id":"src.shipka.monument","title":"Паметник на свободата","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","authors":["Национален парк-музей „Шипка-Бузлуджа“"],"accessed":"2026-10-28","container":""},{"year":2021,"url":"https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/htde/article/1149081","institutionOrAuthor":"Taşdemir, Ahmet","id":"src.shipka.tasdemir2021","title":"Harp Prensipleri Bağlamında 93 Harbi’nde Şıpka Taarruzları","container":"Harp Tarihi Dergisi / Turkish Journal of Military History","issue":"3","pages":"115–166","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","authors":["Taşdemir, Ahmet"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"}],"credits":[{"id":"asset.shipka.monument-detail-cutout","src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-detail-cutout-864.59ac5cee.webp","alt":"Wycięty detal; tło usunięte. Kamienna wieża — pomnik odsłonięty w 1934 roku","w":864,"h":1192,"caption":"Kamienna wieża — pomnik odsłonięty w 1934 roku","credit":"Ivano Giambattista · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Ivano Giambattista / Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Stone tower — memorial opened in 1934. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Ivano Giambattista / Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Stone tower — memorial opened in 1934. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shipka_Monument_4.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"}},{"id":"asset.shipka.monument-front","src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-front-960.9ce63c5c.webp","alt":"Pomnik Wolności na grzbiecie górskim — widok współczesny","w":1600,"h":1081,"caption":"Pomnik Wolności na grzbiecie górskim — widok współczesny","credit":"Ivano Giambattista · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Ivano Giambattista / Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Freedom Monument on the ridge — modern view. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Ivano Giambattista / Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Freedom Monument on the ridge — modern view. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shipka_Monument_1.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"}},{"id":"asset.shipka.samara-copy","src":"/media/asset-shipka-samara-copy-960.86c799ef.webp","alt":"Kopia sztandaru samarskiego na Szipce — strona z Matką Bożą","w":1889,"h":2400,"caption":"Kopia sztandaru samarskiego na Szipce — strona z Matką Bożą","credit":"Ivano Giambattista · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Ivano Giambattista / Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Copy of the Samara flag at Shipka — Mother of God side. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Ivano Giambattista / Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Copy of the Samara flag at Shipka — Mother of God side. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Samara_Flag.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"}},{"id":"asset.shipka.samara-copy-reverse","src":"/media/asset-shipka-samara-copy-reverse-960.6c8c5879.webp","alt":"Kopia sztandaru samarskiego — strona z Cyrylem i Metodym","w":2400,"h":1800,"caption":"Kopia sztandaru samarskiego — strona z Cyrylem i Metodym. To nie jest oryginalna tkanina z 1877 roku.","credit":"Klearchos Kapoutsis from Paleo Faliro, Greece · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Klearchos Kapoutsis from Paleo Faliro, Greece / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY 2.0. Copy of the Samara flag — Cyril and Methodius side. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Klearchos Kapoutsis from Paleo Faliro, Greece / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY 2.0. Copy of the Samara flag — Cyril and Methodius side. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Samara_Flag_Klearchos_Photo.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"}},{"id":"asset.shipka.stoletov-portrait","src":"/media/asset-shipka-stoletov-portrait-960.2ab4fd1d.webp","alt":"Nikołaj Stoletow — rycina opublikowana w 1878 roku","w":1340,"h":1594,"caption":"Nikołaj Stoletow — rycina opublikowana w 1878 roku","credit":"П. Ф. Борел; И. Матюшин · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Nikolai Stoletov — engraving published in 1878. Drawing: P. F. Borel; engraving: I. Matyushin. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Nikolai Stoletov — engraving published in 1878. Drawing: P. F. Borel; engraving: I. Matyushin. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87,_1877.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Public_domain","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"}},{"id":"asset.shipka.monument-landscape","src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-landscape-960.64957774.webp","alt":"Górski krajobraz w okolicach Szipki dziś","w":1600,"h":767,"caption":"Górski krajobraz w okolicach Szipki dziś","credit":"Ivano Giambattista · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Ivano Giambattista / Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Mountain landscape at Shipka today. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Ivano Giambattista / Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Mountain landscape at Shipka today. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shipka_Monument_3.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"}},{"id":"asset.shipka.monument-detail","src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-detail-960.b6a8e8a8.webp","alt":"Kamienna wieża — pomnik odsłonięty w 1934 roku","w":1600,"h":1174,"caption":"Kamienna wieża — pomnik odsłonięty w 1934 roku","credit":"Ivano Giambattista · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Ivano Giambattista / Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Stone tower — memorial opened in 1934. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Ivano Giambattista / Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Stone tower — memorial opened in 1934. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shipka_Monument_4.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"}},{"id":"asset.shipka.monument-side","src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-side-960.b86ed63e.webp","alt":"Grzbiet górski i pomnik — widok współczesny","w":1600,"h":1088,"caption":"","credit":"Ivano Giambattista · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Ivano Giambattista / Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Ridge and monument — modern view. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Ivano Giambattista / Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Ridge and monument — modern view. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shipka_Monument_2.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"}},{"id":"asset.shipka.monument-approach","src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-approach-960.a9b0d935.webp","alt":"Podejście do Pomnika Wolności dziś","w":1600,"h":1086,"caption":"","credit":"Ivano Giambattista · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Ivano Giambattista / Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Approach to the Freedom Monument today. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Ivano Giambattista / Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Approach to the Freedom Monument today. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shipka_Monument_5.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"}},{"id":"map-relief","src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","thumb":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","alt":"Kontekst geograficzny bez granic historycznych","w":3072,"h":1987,"caption":"","kindLabel":"Kontekst geograficzny bez granic historycznych","visibleKind":"Kontekst geograficzny bez granic historycznych","credit":"Tom Patterson · Nathaniel Vaughn Kelso · Domena publiczna · Natural Earth","license":"Domena publiczna","attribution":"Tom Patterson · Nathaniel Vaughn Kelso","attributionParts":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/10m-raster-data/10m-gray-earth/","licenseUrl":"https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"}}],"places":[{"note":"Gabrowo leży na północ od przełęczy Szipka. Prowadząca stąd droga była ważna dla zaopatrzenia i posiłków w 1877 roku.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.shipka.gabrovo","name":"Gabrowo","latitude":42.874242,"longitude":25.31784,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1500,"sourceIds":["src.shipka.coord-gabrovo"],"short":"Gabrowo","guideUrl":null,"slug":"shipka.gabrovo","url":"/pl/map/#shipka.gabrovo"},{"note":"Pomnik Wolności na Szipce upamiętnia walki z 1877 roku; powstał później niż stanowiska bojowe.","precision":"exact","id":"place.shipka.monument","name":"Pomnik Wolności, Szipka","latitude":42.748194,"longitude":25.321545,"accuracy":"verified_point","radiusMeters":30,"sourceIds":["src.shipka.bas2024","src.shipka.coord-monument"],"short":"Szipka","guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/pl/places/shipka-memorial/","slug":"shipka.monument","url":"/pl/map/#shipka.monument"},{"note":"Stara Zagora jest związana z walkami o sztandar samarski, poprzedzającymi sierpniową obronę Szipki.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.shipka.stara-zagora","name":"Stara Zagora","latitude":42.425668,"longitude":25.634595,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":3000,"sourceIds":["src.shipka.coord-stara-zagora"],"short":"Stara Zagora","guideUrl":null,"slug":"shipka.stara-zagora","url":"/pl/map/#shipka.stara-zagora"}],"find":{"id":"dig.shipka.monument-front","storyId":"story.shipka-1877","assetId":"asset.shipka.monument-front","epochId":"epoch.xx","dateFrom":1934,"dateTo":1934,"dateLabel":"1934","title":"Pomnik Wolności","description":"Pomnik Wolności na Szipce, odsłonięty w 1934 roku.","checked":true,"sourceIds":["src.shipka.monument"],"ageOptions":[{"id":"correct","dateFrom":1934,"dateTo":1934,"isCorrect":true},{"id":"option-0","dateFrom":1884,"dateTo":1884,"isCorrect":false},{"id":"option-1","dateFrom":1984,"dateTo":1984,"isCorrect":false}],"image":{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-front-480.9ce63c5c.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-front-960.9ce63c5c.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-front-1600.9ce63c5c.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#62a6ab","h":1081,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-front-960.9ce63c5c.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-front-960.9ce63c5c.webp","id":"asset.shipka.monument-front","alt":"Pomnik Wolności na grzbiecie górskim — widok współczesny","objectCaption":"Pomnik Wolności na grzbiecie górskim — widok współczesny","caption":"Pomnik Wolności na grzbiecie górskim — widok współczesny","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Ivano Giambattista · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Ivano Giambattista / Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Freedom Monument on the ridge — modern view. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Ivano Giambattista / Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Freedom Monument on the ridge — modern view. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shipka_Monument_1.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"}},"next":[{"storyId":"story.pleven-1877","title":"Dlaczego Osman Pasza powstrzymał natarcie?","topic":"Plewen","eyebrow":"Plewen","url":"/pl/stories/pleven-1877/","reason":"Prześledźcie kolejną zmianę władzy.","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-sword-cutout-480.c27b2114.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-sword-cutout-960.c27b2114.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-sword-cutout-1600.c27b2114.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-sword-cutout-2400.c27b2114.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#9f9279","h":386,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-sword-cutout-960.c27b2114.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ple-sword-cutout-960.c27b2114.webp","id":"asset.ple.sword-cutout","alt":"Wycięty detal; tło usunięte. Muzealne ujęcie szabli i pochwy. Napis wymienia Edhema Paszę i dwie daty wzięcia do niewoli. Nie ustalono, że jest to szabla Osmana Paszy.","objectCaption":"Fragment głowni","caption":"Muzealne ujęcie szabli i pochwy. Napis wymienia Edhema Paszę i dwie daty wzięcia do niewoli. Nie ustalono, że jest to szabla Osmana Paszy.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Joe Mabel · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Joe Mabel / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Museum detail of a sword and scabbard. The inscription names Edhem Pasha and the two capture dates. It is not established as Osman Pasha’s sword. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Joe Mabel / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Museum detail of a sword and scabbard. The inscription names Edhem Pasha and the two capture dates. It is not established as Osman Pasha’s sword. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plevna_sword.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"},"minutes":4,"sceneCount":9},{"storyId":"story.georgi-ivanov-1979","title":"Na orbitę, bez dokowania","topic":"Georgi Iwanow","eyebrow":"Georgi Iwanow · Bajkonur","url":"/pl/stories/georgi-ivanov-1979/","reason":"","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-480.e61f7ab3.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-960.e61f7ab3.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-1600.e61f7ab3.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#66584e","h":1781,"w":1618,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-960.e61f7ab3.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-960.e61f7ab3.webp","id":"asset.cosmos.capsule-cutout","alt":"Wycięty detal; tło usunięte. Kapsuła w kształcie dzwonu o ciemnej i brązowej powierzchni, z okrągłym iluminatorem i spadochronem po lewej.","objectCaption":"Kapsuła Sojuza 33","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Scroch · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Scroch / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Scroch / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Soyuz_33_descent_module.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},"minutes":5,"sceneCount":9},{"storyId":"story.madara-rider","title":"Jeździec nad ścieżką","topic":"Jeździec z Madary","eyebrow":"Jeździec z Madary · Madara","url":"/pl/stories/madara-rider/","reason":"","image":{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-main-480.569987f2.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-main-960.569987f2.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-main-1600.569987f2.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-main-2400.569987f2.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#89847e","h":1600,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-main-960.569987f2.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-main-960.569987f2.webp","id":"asset.madara.relief.main","alt":"Jeździec, pies za koniem i lew pod przednimi nogami konia; u góry widać wiersze inskrypcji.","objectCaption":"Jeździec z Madary","caption":"Jeździec, pies za koniem i lew pod przednimi nogami konia; u góry widać wiersze inskrypcji.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Diego Delso · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Diego Delso, [delso.photo](https://delso.photo), Wikimedia Commons, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Diego Delso, [delso.photo](https://delso.photo), Wikimedia Commons, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Caballero_de_Madara,_reserva_hist%C3%B3rico-arqueol%C3%B3gica_Nacional_de_Madara,_Bulgaria,_2016-05-27,_DD_38.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},"minutes":5,"sceneCount":9}],"people":[{"id":"person.cyril","name":"Cyryl","url":"/pl/people/cyril/"},{"id":"person.methodius","name":"Metody","url":"/pl/people/methodius/"},{"id":"person.stoletov","name":"Nikołaj Stoletow","url":"/pl/people/stoletov/"},{"id":"person.suleyman-pasha","name":"Sulejman Pasza","url":"/pl/people/suleyman-pasha/"},{"id":"person.radetsky","name":"Radecki","url":"/pl/people/radetsky/"},{"id":"person.nikolai-simakov","name":"Nikołaj Simakow","url":"/pl/people/nikolai-simakov/"},{"id":"person.atanas-donkov","name":"Atanas Donkow","url":"/pl/people/atanas-donkov/"},{"id":"person.alexander-andreev","name":"Aleksander Andrejew","url":"/pl/people/alexander-andreev/"},{"id":"person.mary","name":"Maryja","url":"/pl/people/mary/"}],"rulers":[{"id":"ruler.ottoman-gap","name":"Panowanie osmańskie","url":"/pl/rulers/ottoman-gap/"}],"status":"draft","fact":{"id":"fact.discover.shipka-1877","storyId":"story.shipka-1877","factId":"F24","text":"Sztandar samarski uszyły i wyhaftowały zakonnice w Samarze, z dala od Szipki.","sourceIds":["src.shipka.may"]},"collectionFind":{"number":10,"total":59,"title":"Kamienna wieża","dateLabel":"20 w.","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-detail-cutout-480.59ac5cee.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-detail-cutout-864.59ac5cee.avif","w":864}],"dominant":"#93837c","h":1192,"w":864,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-detail-cutout-864.59ac5cee.webp","w":864}],"src":"/media/asset-shipka-monument-detail-cutout-864.59ac5cee.webp","id":"asset.shipka.monument-detail-cutout","alt":"Wycięty detal; tło usunięte. Kamienna wieża — pomnik odsłonięty w 1934 roku","objectCaption":"Kamienna wieża","caption":"Kamienna wieża — pomnik odsłonięty w 1934 roku","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Ivano Giambattista · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Ivano Giambattista / Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Stone tower — memorial opened in 1934. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Ivano Giambattista / Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Stone tower — memorial opened in 1934. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shipka_Monument_4.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"}},"ui":{"web.learnPromo":"Czytaj te historie po bułgarsku — poznaj język","web.travelPromo":"Odwiedź to miejsce — przewodnik po Bułgarii","web.autoAdvance":"Automatycznie przejdź do następnej sceny","web.repeatActivities":"Powtórz zadania","web.shortcuts":"Skróty klawiaturowe","web.sceneNavigation":"Poprzednia / następna scena","web.findCount":"Odkryto {count} z {total}","web.resumeNarration":"Wznów od {time}","web.activityLabel":"Zadanie","web.skippedActivities":"Zadania · {count} — rozpocznij","web.placesCount":"miejsca: {count}","web.moreAnswers":"Więcej odpowiedzi poniżej","web.playerSceneOf":"Scena {scene} z {total}: {title}","web.closeStory":"Zamknij historię","web.imageFit":"Pokaż cały obraz","web.activityOf":"Zadanie · {scene} z {total}","web.activityMoved":"Przeniesiono: pozycja {scene} z {total}","web.activityIncomplete":"Połącz wszystkie pary","web.seekTen":"Wstecz / do przodu o 10 sekund","web.activityFromScene":"Ze sceny {scene}","web.nextStory":"Następna historia","web.transcriptRevised":"tekst doprecyzowano","action.close":"Zamknij","action.next":"Dalej","action.retry":"Spróbuj ponownie","activity.check":"Sprawdź","answer.correct":"Poprawnie","answer.incorrect":"Niezupełnie","audio.backTen":"Cofnij o 10 sekund","audio.pause":"Wstrzymaj","audio.play":"Odtwórz narrację","audio.seek":"Pozycja narracji","audio.speed":"Tempo narracji","audio.synthetic":"Głos syntetyczny","audio.unavailable":"Nagranie jest niedostępne. Tekst jest tutaj.","bookmark.add":"Zapisz opowieść","bookmark.inSaved":"W zapisanych","bookmark.remove":"Usuń zapisaną opowieść","bookmark.removed":"Usunięto zakładkę","credit.title":"Ilustracje","discover.audioMinutes %lld":{"one":"%lld minuta","few":"%lld minuty","many":"%lld minut","other":"%lld minuty"},"discover.mapLabel":"Kontekst geograficzny bez granic historycznych","player.approximate":"Przybliżone położenie","player.back":"Wstecz","player.completed":"Nowe znalezisko w twojej kolekcji","player.counter %lld %lld":"%1$lld / %2$lld","player.details %lld":"Szczegóły (%lld)","player.explanation":"Dlaczego?","player.finish":"Zakończ","player.firstCorrect":"✓ Poprawnie za pierwszym razem","player.firstOther":"Pierwsza próba pozostaje zapisana. Powtórka służy ćwiczeniu.","player.interpretation":"Interpretacja","player.matchHint":"Dotknij pojęcia po lewej, potem znaczenia po prawej. Dotknij połączonego elementu, aby rozłączyć parę.","player.moveDown":"Przesuń w dół","player.moveUp":"Przesuń w górę","player.nextDetail":"Następny szczegół","player.previousDetail":"Poprzedni szczegół","player.related":"Powiązane historie","player.scene %lld":"Część %lld","player.sequenceHint":"Ułóż od najstarszego do najnowszego.","player.showAll":"Pokaż wszystkie","player.skip":"Pomiń","player.sources %lld":"Źródła · %lld","player.summary %lld %lld":"Zadania: %1$lld z %2$lld poprawnie za pierwszym razem","player.unpair":"Rozłącz parę","player.vitrine":"Do znalezisk","sources.title":"Źródła","story.listen":"Słuchaj","story.sceneCount %lld":{"one":"%lld scena","few":"%lld sceny","many":"%lld scen","other":"%lld sceny"},"story.start":"Zacznij","answer.chosen":"Wybrana odpowiedź","answer.skipped":"Zadanie pominięte","answer.revealed":"Odpowiedź wyświetlona","answer.correctOrder":"Prawidłowa kolejność","answer.correctPairs":"Prawidłowe pary","answer.yours.correct":"Twoja odpowiedź · poprawna","answer.yours.incorrect":"Twoja odpowiedź · błędna","audio.stop":"Zatrzymaj odtwarzanie","Search.search.group.places":"Miejsca","Atlas.zoomIn":"Przybliż","Atlas.zoomOut":"Oddal"},"promos":{"learn":{"icon":"/media/promo/learn-160.webp","name":"Nauka bułgarskiego","url":"https://bulgaria.zydeno.com/pl/learn-bulgarian/"},"travel":{"icon":"/media/promo/travel-160.webp","name":"Przewodnik Bułgaria","url":"https://bulgaria.zydeno.com/pl/travel-guide-bulgaria/"}}}