{"version":2,"locale":"pl","id":"story.tarnovo-constitution-1879","hasFind":true,"slug":"tarnovo-constitution-1879","url":"/pl/stories/tarnovo-constitution-1879/","topic":"Konstytucja tyrnowska","title":"Kto pisze zasady w 1879 roku?","summary":"Po niemal pięciu wiekach panowania osmańskiego przedstawiciele w Tyrnowie spierają się o władzę księcia i zgromadzenia. Księga łączy ich decyzje ze szkołą, gazetą i wolnością człowieka.","cover":{"title":"Kto pisze zasady w 1879 roku?","subtitle":"Spory wokół konstytucji tyrnowskiej","hook":"Kto rządzi? Jakie prawa mają ludzie?","summary":"Po niemal pięciu wiekach panowania osmańskiego przedstawiciele w Tyrnowie spierają się o władzę księcia i zgromadzenia. Księga łączy ich decyzje ze szkołą, gazetą i wolnością człowieka.","takeaway":"Konstytucja określa, kto rządzi i jakie prawa należy chronić. Zapisana zasada sama w sobie nie dowodzi, że zawsze jej przestrzegano."},"sortYear":1879,"firstActivity":4,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.revival","styleId":"revival","sortOrder":1,"title":"Odrodzenie i wyzwolenie","dateLabel":"XVIII–XIX wiek","eraShort":"Odrodzenie","slug":"revival","fill":"#B9A48E","ink":"#221616","raised":"#C4B29F","dark":"#77654D"},"epochId":"epoch.revival","placeShort":"Tyrnowo","date":"1879","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-tar-constitution-cutout-480.774c706a.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-tar-constitution-cutout-672.774c706a.avif","w":672}],"dominant":"#6a4724","h":1063,"w":672,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-tar-constitution-cutout-672.774c706a.webp","w":672}],"src":"/media/asset-tar-constitution-cutout-672.774c706a.webp","id":"asset.tar.constitution-cutout","alt":"Wycięty detal; tło usunięte. Oprawa konstytucji tyrnowskiej","objectCaption":"Konstytucja tyrnowska","caption":"Archiwalny obraz oprawy konstytucji tyrnowskiej. Data na dole to 16 kwietnia 1879 r. według starego stylu.","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Bułgarskie Zgromadzenie Ustawodawcze · Public domain · Państwowa Agencja Archiwów Bułgarii / Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Bulgarian Constituent Assembly; Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. BASA-173K-6-3116-Tarnovo Constitution Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Bulgarian Constituent Assembly; Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. BASA-173K-6-3116-Tarnovo Constitution Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-173K-6-3116-Tarnovo_Constitution.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Public_domain"},"scenes":[{"id":"tarnovo-constitution-1879.s1-assembly","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Od konaku do zgromadzenia","body":"Luty 1879 roku. W Tyrnowie przedstawiciele przygotowują ustawę zasadniczą: reguły sprawowania władzy. Dlatego zgromadzenie nazywa się ustawodawczym. Rozpoczyna obrady 10 lutego według ówczesnego kalendarza. Przewodniczy mu Antym I. Budynek to dawny konak: pracowali tu osmańscy urzędnicy.\n\nNowe państwo jest księstwem, na jego czele ma stać książę. Traktat berliński przewiduje, że księstwo będzie rządzić się samodzielnie. Na razie pozostaje pod tymczasowym zarządem rosyjskim. Nadal uznaje władzę sułtana, władcy Imperium Osmańskiego, i płaci mu daninę. Nie jest to pełna niepodległość.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-tar-assembly-480.ab4f67fd.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-tar-assembly-960.ab4f67fd.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-tar-assembly-1600.ab4f67fd.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#c5b0ae","h":1142,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-tar-assembly-960.ab4f67fd.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-tar-assembly-960.ab4f67fd.webp","id":"asset.tar.assembly","alt":"Montaż portretów Zgromadzenia Ustawodawczego","objectCaption":"Zebrane portrety z nazwiskami; Antym I znajduje się pośrodku. To montaż, a nie zbiorowe zdjęcie z posiedzenia.","caption":"Zebrane portrety z nazwiskami; Antym I znajduje się pośrodku. To montaż, a nie zbiorowe zdjęcie z posiedzenia.","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Nieznany autor · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unknown author; Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. Scanned from История на България, т. 7, БАН, София, 1991, pp. 62–63. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown author; Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. Scanned from История на България, т. 7, БАН, София, 1991, pp. 62–63. 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Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Antim_I_Kosta_Razmov.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Public_domain"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-tar-konak-480.d95ca2a4.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-tar-konak-960.d95ca2a4.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-tar-konak-1600.d95ca2a4.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#877464","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-tar-konak-960.d95ca2a4.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-tar-konak-960.d95ca2a4.webp","id":"asset.tar.konak","alt":"Współczesna ekspozycja muzealna w dawnym konaku","objectCaption":"Współczesna ekspozycja z gablotami w muzeum. Zdjęcie nie przedstawia sali obrad z 1879 r.","caption":"Współczesna ekspozycja z gablotami w muzeum. Zdjęcie nie przedstawia sali obrad z 1879 r.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"MalevE93 · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Photo: MalevE93; Wikimedia Commons; CC0. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"MalevE93; Wikimedia Commons; CC0. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Museum_Renaissance_and_Constituent_Assembly,_Veliko_Tarnovo.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Tyrnowo było średniowieczną stolicą związaną z carem Iwanem Aleksandrem. Stąd w 1469 roku relikwie Iwana Rylskiego wróciły do Monastyru Rylskiego.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.tetra.tarnovo","name":"Tyrnowo — dziś Wielkie Tyrnowo","latitude":43.078652,"longitude":25.628291,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":5000,"sourceIds":["src.rila.iliev2000","src.rila.wikidata.tarnovo","src.tetra.coordinates","src.tetra.nomination","src.ivr.wikidata.tarnovo","src.ivr.bakalova1981","src.kal.coordinates.tarnovo","src.tar.coord.tarnovo","src.tar.constitution"],"short":"Tyrnowo","guideUrl":null,"slug":"tetra.tarnovo","url":"/pl/map/#tetra.tarnovo"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":41.265208333333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.tarnovo-constitution-1879.tarnovo-constitution-1879.s1-assembly","duration":41.387,"src":"/audio/pl/tarnovo-constitution-1879/s1-assembly.5b12a3d4.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.tar.background"},{"id":"src.tar.berlin"},{"id":"src.tar.tankova2013"},{"id":"src.tar.chronology"},{"id":"src.tar.dryanovski2022"},{"id":"src.tar.museum"},{"id":"src.tar.image.assembly"},{"id":"src.tar.image.antim"},{"id":"src.tar.image.konak"}]},{"id":"tarnovo-constitution-1879.s2-senate","number":2,"kind":"narrative","title":"Czy potrzebny jest Senat?","body":"Wyobraź sobie, że wybrani przedstawiciele uchwalają ustawę. Czy inna grupa powinna ją ponownie rozpatrzyć? W Tyrnowie omawiany jest Senat, druga izba parlamentu. Izba to osobne zgromadzenie w jego ramach.\n\nNie wszyscy się zgadzają. Petko Sławejkow sprzeciwia się Senatowi. Jakow Gerow popiera jego sprzeciw. Zdaniem Gerowa Senat mógłby sprzymierzyć się z księciem przeciw przedstawicielom narodu. To jego obawa, nie dowód na to, co z pewnością by się wydarzyło.\n\nPropozycja utworzenia Senatu zostaje odrzucona. Parlament pozostaje jednoizbowy.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-tar-slaveykov-480.1652ca6c.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-tar-slaveykov-960.1652ca6c.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-tar-slaveykov-1103.1652ca6c.avif","w":1103}],"dominant":"#b09c86","h":1600,"w":1103,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-tar-slaveykov-960.1652ca6c.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-tar-slaveykov-960.1652ca6c.webp","id":"asset.tar.slaveykov","alt":"Petko Sławejkow, fotografia archiwalna","objectCaption":"Petko Sławejkow. Fotograf i data nieznane; tożsamość podano w metadanych archiwalnych.","caption":"Petko Sławejkow. Fotograf i data nieznane; tożsamość podano w metadanych archiwalnych.","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Nieznany autor · Public domain · Państwowa Agencja Archiwów Bułgarii / Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unknown author; Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. BASA-373K-1-697-5-Petko Slaveykov Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown author; Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. BASA-373K-1-697-5-Petko Slaveykov Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-373K-1-697-5-Petko_Slaveykov.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Public_domain"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":34.740375,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.tarnovo-constitution-1879.tarnovo-constitution-1879.s2-senate","duration":34.859,"src":"/audio/pl/tarnovo-constitution-1879/s2-senate.8b843f69.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.tar.dryanovski2022"},{"id":"src.tar.image.slaveykov"}]},{"id":"tarnovo-constitution-1879.s3-book","number":3,"kind":"artifact","title":"Data na księdze","body":"Na oprawie widnieją lew w koronie, nazwa i data: Tyrnowo, 16 kwietnia 1879 roku. Wtedy przyjęto konstytucję, ustawę zasadniczą.\n\nPrzewiduje ona monarchię dziedziczną: państwo z władcą, którego tron przechodzi na następcę według określonych zasad. Tutaj władcą jest książę. Jego władza ma jednak konstytucyjne granice. Władza ustawodawcza oznacza prawo tworzenia ustaw. Należy ona do księcia i przedstawicielstwa narodowego, czyli Zgromadzenia Narodowego. Książę zatwierdza uchwalone ustawy i je ogłasza, czyli publikuje urzędowo.\n\nA co napisano o ludziach poza zgromadzeniem?","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-tar-constitution-480.afb8c4e6.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-tar-constitution-680.afb8c4e6.avif","w":680}],"dominant":"#65421f","h":1073,"w":680,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-tar-constitution-680.afb8c4e6.webp","w":680}],"src":"/media/asset-tar-constitution-680.afb8c4e6.webp","id":"asset.tar.constitution","alt":"Oprawa konstytucji tyrnowskiej","objectCaption":"Konstytucja tyrnowska","caption":"Archiwalny obraz oprawy konstytucji tyrnowskiej. 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BASA-173K-6-3116-Tarnovo Constitution Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-173K-6-3116-Tarnovo_Constitution.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Public_domain"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-tar-first-page-480.82f3d99e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-tar-first-page-638.82f3d99e.avif","w":638}],"dominant":"#dbd9c1","h":1024,"w":638,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-tar-first-page-638.82f3d99e.webp","w":638}],"src":"/media/asset-tar-first-page-638.82f3d99e.webp","id":"asset.tar.first-page","alt":"Strona tytułowa konstytucji, 1879 r.","objectCaption":"Strona tytułowa z nazwą księstwa i datą uchwalenia. Cyfrowy obraz dokumentu archiwalnego, nie współczesna rekonstrukcja.","caption":"Strona tytułowa z nazwą księstwa i datą uchwalenia. 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BASA-173K-6-3116-1-Tarnovo Constitution Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-173K-6-3116-1-Tarnovo_Constitution.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Public_domain"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-tar-title","x":0.5,"y":0.14,"title":"Konstytucja","body":"Ustawa zasadnicza określa sposób rządzenia księstwem. Jej nazwa widnieje wielkimi literami na oprawie.","sourceIds":["src.tar.constitution","src.tar.image.constitution"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-tar-arms","x":0.51,"y":0.51,"title":"Lew w koronie","body":"Pośrodku widać herb z lwem w koronie. To szczegół oprawy, a nie portret księcia.","sourceIds":["src.tar.image.constitution"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-tar-date","x":0.51,"y":0.85,"title":"Tyrnowo i data","body":"Dolny wiersz wymienia Tyrnowo i datę 16 kwietnia 1879 r. To data według starego stylu; według nowego jest to 28 kwietnia.","sourceIds":["src.tar.image.constitution","src.tar.constitution","src.tar.tankova2013"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":40.74275,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.tarnovo-constitution-1879.tarnovo-constitution-1879.s3-book","duration":40.832,"src":"/audio/pl/tarnovo-constitution-1879/s3-book.63bb554b.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.tar.constitution"},{"id":"src.tar.tankova2013"},{"id":"src.tar.image.constitution"},{"id":"src.tar.image.first-page"}]},{"id":"tarnovo-constitution-1879.a1-power","number":4,"kind":"activity","title":"Zadanie: kto uczestniczy we władzy ustawodawczej?","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.tar.power","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Do kogo należy władza ustawodawcza według opowieści?","sourceIds":["src.tar.constitution"],"items":[{"id":"opt-shared","label":"Do księcia i przedstawicielstwa narodowego."},{"id":"opt-prince","label":"Tylko do księcia.","whyWrong":"Pomija przedstawicielstwo narodowe, wymienione wprost w opowieści i w artykule 9."},{"id":"opt-senate","label":"Senat.","whyWrong":"Propozycję utworzenia Senatu odrzucono. Nie otrzymuje on tej władzy."}],"explanation":"Artykuł 9 wymienia księcia i przedstawicielstwo narodowe. W monarchii konstytucyjnej są zarówno książę, jak i przedstawiciele.","correctItemId":"opt-shared","sources":[{"id":"src.tar.constitution"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.9275,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.tarnovo-constitution-1879.tarnovo-constitution-1879.a1-power","duration":4.053,"src":"/audio/pl/tarnovo-constitution-1879/a1-power.384656cd.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.tar.constitution"}]},{"id":"tarnovo-constitution-1879.s4-rights","number":5,"kind":"narrative","title":"Szkoła, gazeta, wolność","body":"Nauka w szkole podstawowej ma być bezpłatna i obowiązkowa. Prasa jest wolna: cenzura, czyli uprzednie sprawdzanie tego, co można wydrukować, jest zakazana. Wyjątek dotyczy określonych prawosławnych ksiąg religijnych. Wymagają one zgody władz kościelnych.\n\nPoddani bułgarscy to ludzie posiadający obywatelstwo księstwa. Są równi wobec prawa. Kupowanie i sprzedawanie ludzi jest zakazane. Zniewolony człowiek staje się wolny, gdy tylko stanie na bułgarskiej ziemi.\n\nTo zapisane zasady. Sam tekst nie dowodzi, że każdej z nich zawsze przestrzegano.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-tar-first-page-480.82f3d99e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-tar-first-page-638.82f3d99e.avif","w":638}],"dominant":"#dbd9c1","h":1024,"w":638,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-tar-first-page-638.82f3d99e.webp","w":638}],"src":"/media/asset-tar-first-page-638.82f3d99e.webp","id":"asset.tar.first-page","alt":"Strona tytułowa konstytucji, 1879 r.","objectCaption":"Strona tytułowa z nazwą księstwa i datą uchwalenia. Cyfrowy obraz dokumentu archiwalnego, nie współczesna rekonstrukcja.","caption":"Strona tytułowa z nazwą księstwa i datą uchwalenia. 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Decyzję podjęto przed przyjęciem konstytucji: 22 marca starego stylu, czyli 3 kwietnia 1879 roku nowego stylu.\n\nMarin Drinow popiera Sofię. Podkreśla jej położenie i możliwości rozwoju. Decyduje zgromadzenie, nie jeden człowiek.\n\nMapa pokazuje tylko miasta, bez granic księstwa.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-tar-drinov-480.537d1cdd.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-tar-drinov-910.537d1cdd.avif","w":910}],"dominant":"#54534b","h":1440,"w":910,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-tar-drinov-910.537d1cdd.webp","w":910}],"src":"/media/asset-tar-drinov-910.537d1cdd.webp","id":"asset.tar.drinov","alt":"Marin Drinow, fotografia archiwalna","objectCaption":"Marin Drinow. Nieznany fotograf; według zapisu archiwalnego zdjęcie powstało przed 1907 r.","caption":"Marin Drinow. 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