{"version":2,"locale":"pl","id":"story.tsarevets-1393","hasFind":true,"slug":"tsarevets-1393","url":"/pl/stories/tsarevets-1393/","topic":"Carewec, Tyrnowo","title":"Jak upadła stolica w 1393 roku?","summary":"Car rządzi państwem z pałacu. Patriarcha, zwierzchnik bułgarskiego Kościoła, kieruje życiem kościelnym. Potem przychodzą niewola Baldwina, osmańskie oblężenie i wygnanie Eutymiusza. Jak odróżnić pozostałości, rekonstrukcje i podania?","cover":{"title":"Jak upadła stolica w 1393 roku?","subtitle":"Pałac i oblężenie Tyrnowa","hook":"Co wydarzyło się za tymi murami?","summary":"Car rządzi państwem z pałacu. Patriarcha, zwierzchnik bułgarskiego Kościoła, kieruje życiem kościelnym. Potem przychodzą niewola Baldwina, osmańskie oblężenie i wygnanie Eutymiusza. Jak odróżnić pozostałości, rekonstrukcje i podania?","takeaway":"Carewec jest ośrodkiem władzy państwowej i kościelnej. O jego upadku wnioskujemy na podstawie różnych świadectw; rekonstrukcja i legenda nie zastępują dowodów."},"sortYear":1393,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.tsardom2","styleId":"tsardom2","sortOrder":3,"title":"Drugie Carstwo Bułgarskie","dateLabel":"1185–1396","eraShort":"Drugie carstwo","slug":"tsardom2","fill":"#86554A","ink":"#F6EEEA","raised":"#754A41","dark":"#805B59"},"epochId":"epoch.tsardom2","placeShort":"Tyrnowo","date":"1393","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-cathedral-cutout-480.09402835.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-cathedral-cutout-960.09402835.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-cathedral-cutout-1112.09402835.avif","w":1112}],"dominant":"#7c6453","h":1268,"w":1112,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-cathedral-cutout-960.09402835.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-tsa-cathedral-cutout-960.09402835.webp","id":"asset.tsa.cathedral-cutout","alt":"Wycięta fotografia kościoła zrekonstruowanego w 1981 roku; nie zachowany budynek średniowieczny.","objectCaption":"Odbudowana cerkiew","caption":"Patriarchalna cerkiew Wniebowstąpienia Pańskiego, odbudowana w 1981 r. Zdjęcie przedstawia rekonstrukcję, a nie zachowaną w całości średniowieczną budowlę.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Klearchos Kapoutsis from Santorini, Greece · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Photo: Klearchos Kapoutsis from Santorini, Greece, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. The patriarchal Church of the Ascension, reconstructed in 1981. The photograph shows a reconstruction, not an intact medieval building. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Klearchos Kapoutsis from Santorini, Greece, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. The patriarchal Church of the Ascension, reconstructed in 1981. The photograph shows a reconstruction, not an intact medieval building. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Patriarchal_Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Ascension_of_God_Veliko_Tarnovo_Klearchos_1.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"tsarevets-1393.s1-capital","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Pałac na Carewcu","body":"Pod koniec XII wieku Tyrnowo staje się stolicą odnowionego carstwa bułgarskiego. Carstwo to państwo rządzone przez cara. Przez ponad dwa stulecia zapadają tu decyzje dotyczące władzy i Kościoła. Stolica to jednak nie tylko jeden zamek. Obejmuje kilka wzgórz i dzielnice nad Jantrą.\n\nNa Carewcu wznoszą się pałac i zabudowania zwierzchnika Kościoła. Na wzgórzu są też domy. Wysokie mury na zdjęciu zawierają odtworzone fragmenty. Co otaczały?","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-panorama-480.b7570940.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-panorama-960.b7570940.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-panorama-1600.b7570940.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#929e97","h":456,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-panorama-960.b7570940.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-tsa-panorama-960.b7570940.webp","id":"asset.tsa.panorama","alt":"Zielone wzgórze z murami twierdzy i cerkwią na szczycie.","objectCaption":"Widok ogólny wzgórza; widoczne wysokie mury i cerkiew obejmują odbudowane części.","caption":"Widok ogólny wzgórza; widoczne wysokie mury i cerkiew obejmują odbudowane części.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"www.vacacionesbulgaria.com · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: www.vacacionesbulgaria.com, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Overview of the hill; the visible tall walls and church include reconstructions. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"www.vacacionesbulgaria.com, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Overview of the hill; the visible tall walls and church include reconstructions. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tsarevets-Panorama.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":29.005041666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.tsarevets-1393.tsarevets-1393.s1-capital","duration":29.099,"src":"/audio/pl/tsarevets-1393/s1-capital.755ba097.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.tsa.museum"},{"id":"src.tsa.rabovyanov2020"},{"id":"src.tsa.photo.panorama"},{"id":"src.tsa.restoration"}]},{"id":"tsarevets-1393.s2-hill","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Rzeka pod murami","body":"Jantra wije się u stóp stromych zboczy Carewca. Zdaniem muzeum obronne położenie pomogło wzgórzu stać się ośrodkiem władzy. Nie czyniło jednak twierdzy niezdobytą.\n\nWewnątrz pałac carski ma własny mur i wieże. W pałacu znajdują się sala z tronem cara, komnaty mieszkalne i kancelarie. W kancelariach urzędnicy przygotowują dokumenty państwowe. Wyżej stoją zabudowania patriarchy, zwierzchnika bułgarskiego Kościoła.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-river-480.c4e5fe95.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-river-960.c4e5fe95.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-river-1063.c4e5fe95.avif","w":1063}],"dominant":"#808279","h":1600,"w":1063,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-river-960.c4e5fe95.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-tsa-river-960.c4e5fe95.webp","id":"asset.tsa.river","alt":"Rzeka pod stromym zielonym zboczem, nad nią most i mury twierdzy.","objectCaption":"Współczesne zdjęcie Jantry pod Carewcem. Most i odbudowane mury nie pokazują wyglądu tego miejsca w 1393 r.","caption":"Współczesne zdjęcie Jantry pod Carewcem. Most i odbudowane mury nie pokazują wyglądu tego miejsca w 1393 r.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Андрей Романенко · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Андрей Романенко, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Present-day photograph of the Yantra below Tsarevets. The bridge and reconstructed masonry do not show the appearance in 1393. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Андрей Романенко, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Present-day photograph of the Yantra below Tsarevets. The bridge and reconstructed masonry do not show the appearance in 1393. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tsarevets_Veliko_Tarnovo_02.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Wzgórze z pałacem i budynkami patriarchy, zwierzchnika bułgarskiej Cerkwi.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.tsa.tsarevets","name":"Carewec, Tyrnowo","latitude":43.0833,"longitude":25.6528,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1000,"sourceIds":["src.tsa.coords.q512147","src.tsa.museum"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/pl/places/tsarevets/","slug":"tsa.tsarevets","url":"/pl/map/#tsa.tsarevets"},{"note":"Odbudowana wieża. Dawne podanie wiąże ją z pojmanym Baldwinem; miejsce więzienia nie zostało ustalone.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.tsa.baldwin-tower","name":"Wieża Baldwina","latitude":43.08083333,"longitude":25.65305556,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":50,"sourceIds":["src.tsa.coords.q4850503","src.tsa.tower-tradition","src.tsa.undzhiyan2022"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"tsa.baldwin-tower","url":"/pl/map/#tsa.baldwin-tower"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-1536.8876519a.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-2048.4c826249.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-3072.8876519a.avif","w":3072}]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief-dark@3x.jpg?v=0941a59d06","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-1024.73ab39a9.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-1536.4f3ca147.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-2048.73ab39a9.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-3072.4f3ca147.avif","w":3072}]},"places":[{"note":"Wzgórze z pałacem i budynkami patriarchy, zwierzchnika bułgarskiej Cerkwi.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.tsa.tsarevets","name":"Carewec, Tyrnowo","latitude":43.0833,"longitude":25.6528,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1000,"sourceIds":["src.tsa.coords.q512147","src.tsa.museum"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/pl/places/tsarevets/","slug":"tsa.tsarevets","url":"/pl/map/#tsa.tsarevets","number":1,"x":51.91,"y":40.65217,"inside":true,"viewX":49.99802425806452,"viewY":49.958151216129025},{"note":"Odbudowana wieża. 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u patriarchy","body":"Patriarcha jest zwierzchnikiem bułgarskiego Kościoła. Jego kompleks, grupa połączonych budynków, ma bibliotekę i skryptorium. W skryptorium księgi są przepisywane ręcznie.\n\nPośrodku dziedzińca stoi cerkiew Wniebowstąpienia Pańskiego. Widzimy odbudowaną świątynię. Samo zdjęcie nie może pokazać, jakie księgi znajdowały się w bibliotece.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-cathedral-480.56bcc16e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-cathedral-960.56bcc16e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-cathedral-1600.56bcc16e.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-cathedral-2400.56bcc16e.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#818184","h":1800,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-cathedral-960.56bcc16e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-tsa-cathedral-960.56bcc16e.webp","id":"asset.tsa.cathedral","alt":"Odbudowana cerkiew z kopułą i wysoką dzwonnicą po prawej stronie.","objectCaption":"Odbudowana cerkiew","caption":"Patriarchalna cerkiew Wniebowstąpienia Pańskiego, odbudowana w 1981 r. Zdjęcie przedstawia rekonstrukcję, a nie zachowaną w całości średniowieczną budowlę.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Klearchos Kapoutsis from Santorini, Greece · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Photo: Klearchos Kapoutsis from Santorini, Greece, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. The patriarchal Church of the Ascension, reconstructed in 1981. The photograph shows a reconstruction, not an intact medieval building. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Klearchos Kapoutsis from Santorini, Greece, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. The patriarchal Church of the Ascension, reconstructed in 1981. The photograph shows a reconstruction, not an intact medieval building. 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Tutaj widzimy odbudowaną cerkiew.","sourceIds":["src.tsa.restoration","src.tsa.photo.cathedral"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":21.261208333333332,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.tsarevets-1393.tsarevets-1393.s3-patriarch","duration":21.376,"src":"/audio/pl/tsarevets-1393/s3-patriarch.313b7a9d.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.tsa.museum"},{"id":"src.tsa.restoration"},{"id":"src.tsa.ascension2011"},{"id":"src.tsa.photo.cathedral"}]},{"id":"tsarevets-1393.s4-baldwin","number":4,"kind":"artifact","title":"Baldwin: jeniec i wieża","body":"Wieża nosi imię Baldwina Flandryjskiego. Był on cesarzem łacińskim, władcą państwa utworzonego w Konstantynopolu przez wojowników z Europy Zachodniej. W 1205 roku wojska cara Kałojana wzięły go do niewoli w bitwie pod Adrianopolem.\n\nDawna opowieść, zwana podaniem, umieszcza jego więzienie w tej wieży. Nie udowodniono, że znajdowało się właśnie tutaj. Według opublikowanego opisu wieżę odbudowano w latach trzydziestych XX wieku. Za wzór posłużyła wieża w Czerwenie.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-baldwin-480.0cae2ff5.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-baldwin-960.0cae2ff5.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-baldwin-1600.0cae2ff5.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#6e6f70","h":2400,"w":1800,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-baldwin-960.0cae2ff5.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-tsa-baldwin-960.0cae2ff5.webp","id":"asset.tsa.baldwin","alt":"Odbudowana kamienna wieża z krenelażem i ciemnym otworem wysoko w murze.","objectCaption":"Według opublikowanego opisu wieżę Baldwina odbudowano w latach 30. XX wieku na wzór wieży w Czerwenie. Podanie nie dowodzi, gdzie znajdowało się więzienie.","caption":"Według opublikowanego opisu wieżę Baldwina odbudowano w latach 30. XX wieku na wzór wieży w Czerwenie. Podanie nie dowodzi, gdzie znajdowało się więzienie.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Kandi · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Kandi, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. According to a published description, Baldwin’s Tower was reconstructed in the 1930s, modelled on Cherven’s tower. The tradition does not establish the prison location. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Kandi, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. According to a published description, Baldwin’s Tower was reconstructed in the 1930s, modelled on Cherven’s tower. The tradition does not establish the prison location. 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Podanie łączy jeńca z tą wieżą. Nie udowodniono, że jego więzienie znajdowało się właśnie tutaj.","correctItemId":"o-tradition","sources":[{"id":"src.tsa.tower-tradition"},{"id":"src.tsa.villehardouin1908"},{"id":"src.tsa.undzhiyan2022"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":2.5227083333333336,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.tsarevets-1393.tsarevets-1393.a1-prison","duration":2.645,"src":"/audio/pl/tsarevets-1393/a1-prison.cef20e7b.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.tsa.tower-tradition"},{"id":"src.tsa.villehardouin1908"},{"id":"src.tsa.undzhiyan2022"}]},{"id":"tsarevets-1393.s5-siege","number":6,"kind":"narrative","title":"Wojska osmańskie oblegają Tyrnowo","body":"Wojska osmańskie sułtana Bajazyda I oblegają Tyrnowo. Sułtan to tytuł władcy osmańskiego. Podczas oblężenia wojsko otacza umocnione miasto, by je zdobyć. Według przyjętej relacji historycznej car Iwan Szyszman przebywa wtedy w Nikopolu. 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