{"version":2,"locale":"pl","id":"story.varna-necropolis","hasFind":true,"slug":"varna-necropolis","url":"/pl/stories/varna-necropolis/","topic":"Nekropolia w Warnie","title":"Złoto nad jeziorem","summary":"W 1972 r. operator koparki w Warnie wykopuje złoto sprzed ponad sześciu tysięcy lat. Opowieść o grobie mężczyzny z berłem, grobach bez ludzkich szczątków i pochodzeniu bogactwa.","cover":{"title":"Złoto nad jeziorem","subtitle":"Warneńska nekropolia z epoki miedzi","hook":"Dlaczego w części grobów nie ma kości?","summary":"W 1972 r. operator koparki w Warnie wykopuje złoto sprzed ponad sześciu tysięcy lat. Opowieść o grobie mężczyzny z berłem, grobach bez ludzkich szczątków i pochodzeniu bogactwa.","takeaway":"Warna słynie z jednego z najstarszych dużych zbiorów złota. Łącznie złote znaleziska ważą ponad sześć kilogramów. Rzemieślnicy wykonywali bransolety, paciorki i małe ozdoby. Nie oznacza to jednak, że każdy przedmiot jest najstarszy. Istnieją starsze złote znaleziska, nawet nad tym samym jeziorem. Warna wyróżnia się ilością złota i kunsztem wykonania."},"sortYear":-4500,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.chalcolithic","styleId":"chalcolithic","sortOrder":8,"title":"Epoka miedzi","dateLabel":"V tysiąclecie p.n.e. · w przybliżeniu","eraShort":"Epoka miedzi","slug":"chalcolithic","fill":"#A2593A","ink":"#F6EEEA","raised":"#8C4D33","dark":"#8A5B46"},"epochId":"epoch.chalcolithic","placeShort":"Warna","date":"ok. 4600–4350 p.n.e.","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-varna-bull-appliques-cutout-480.ae2e5280.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-varna-bull-appliques-cutout-960.ae2e5280.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-varna-bull-appliques-cutout-1396.ae2e5280.avif","w":1396}],"dominant":"#a6835c","h":1166,"w":1396,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-varna-bull-appliques-cutout-960.ae2e5280.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-varna-bull-appliques-cutout-960.ae2e5280.webp","id":"asset.varna.bull-appliques-cutout","alt":"Wycięty detal; tło usunięte. Muzealne zdjęcie znalezisk. Dwie płaskie złote figurki byka z kropkowanym brzegiem i pętelką z tyłu.","objectCaption":"Złote aplikacje byków","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"CryolophosaurusEllioti · CC BY 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 4.0","attribution":"Photo: CryolophosaurusEllioti, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. Museum photograph of finds. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"CryolophosaurusEllioti, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. Museum photograph of finds. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bull-shaped_appliqu%C3%A9s_-_Varna_Regional_Museum_of_History_I.1633-1634.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"varna-necropolis.s1-cable-trench","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Wykop pod kabel","body":"Jesień 1972 r. W zachodniej strefie przemysłowej Warny kopany jest rów pod podziemny kabel elektryczny. Operator koparki Rajczo Marinow dostrzega w ziemi metalowe przedmioty i krzemienne narzędzia. Zbiera je i zanosi do muzeum w pobliskim Dyłgopolu. Stamtąd wiadomość dociera do Warny i pod koniec października warneńscy archeolodzy odbierają znaleziska.\n\nW listopadzie rozpoczynają się wykopaliska. Kieruje nimi Iwan Iwanow, późniejszy dyrektor Muzeum Archeologicznego w Warnie. Pod strefą przemysłową znajduje się cmentarzysko z epoki kamiedzi. Pierwszy etap badań obejmuje trzynaście sezonów do 1991 r. Wykopaliska wznowiono w 2021 r.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-varna-museum-entrance-480.fec5fb5e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-varna-museum-entrance-960.fec5fb5e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-varna-museum-entrance-1600.fec5fb5e.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#868a8e","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-varna-museum-entrance-960.fec5fb5e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-varna-museum-entrance-960.fec5fb5e.webp","id":"asset.varna.museum.entrance","alt":"Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warnie w 2024 roku; nie jest to miejsce odkrycia. Fasada budynku dawnego gimnazjum żeńskiego z głównym wejściem i schodami.","objectCaption":"Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warnie w 2024 roku; nie jest to miejsce odkrycia. Fasada budynku dawnego gimnazjum żeńskiego z głównym wejściem i schodami.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Wikipek · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Photo: Wikipek, Wikimedia Commons, CC0. Varna Archaeological Museum, 2024; not the discovery site. Resized version. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Wikipek, Wikimedia Commons, CC0. Varna Archaeological Museum, 2024; not the discovery site. Resized version. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Varna_Archaeological_Museum,_main_entrance.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":45.93241666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.varna-necropolis.varna-necropolis.s1-cable-trench","duration":46.037,"src":"/audio/pl/varna-necropolis/s1-cable-trench.a2733c25.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.visitvarna.discovery"},{"id":"src.chapman2006"},{"id":"src.varna.krauss2017"},{"id":"src.rimv.necropolis2024"},{"id":"src.varna.higham2018"}]},{"id":"varna-necropolis.s2-cemetery-by-the-lake","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Cmentarz nad jeziorem","body":"Nad Jeziorem Warneńskim leży pradawny cmentarz. Pochodzi z epoki miedzi, sprzed ponad sześciu tysięcy lat. Archeolodzy znaleźli tu setki grobów. Ich liczba różni się w poszczególnych badaniach. Złoto nie było tu dla każdego. Niektóre groby zawierają wiele darów, inne bardzo mało. Dziś znaleziska można zobaczyć w muzeum archeologicznym w Warnie.\n\nZnaleziska są eksponowane w budynku Muzeum Archeologicznego w Warnie od 1983 roku.","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Miejsce dawnych grobów ze złotymi przedmiotami, odkrytych w 1972 roku.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.varna-necropolis","name":"Warneńska nekropolia z epoki miedzi","latitude":43.21445,"longitude":27.87157,"accuracy":"approximate","sourceIds":["src.osm","src.wikidata","src.visitvarna.discovery","src.varna.krauss2017","src.rimv.necropolis2024"],"short":"Warna","radiusMeters":600,"guideUrl":null,"slug":"varna-necropolis","url":"/pl/map/#varna-necropolis"},{"note":"Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warnie prezentuje znaleziska z nekropolii, umożliwiając porównanie pochówków.","precision":"exact","id":"place.varna-archaeological-museum","name":"Muzeum Archeologiczne w 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dawnych grobów ze złotymi przedmiotami, odkrytych w 1972 roku.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.varna-necropolis","name":"Warneńska nekropolia z epoki miedzi","latitude":43.21445,"longitude":27.87157,"accuracy":"approximate","sourceIds":["src.osm","src.wikidata","src.visitvarna.discovery","src.varna.krauss2017","src.rimv.necropolis2024"],"short":"Warna","radiusMeters":600,"guideUrl":null,"slug":"varna-necropolis","url":"/pl/map/#varna-necropolis","number":1,"x":79.64462,"y":37.17734,"inside":true,"viewX":74.78559380645162,"viewY":47.6589513419355},{"note":"Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warnie prezentuje znaleziska z nekropolii, umożliwiając porównanie pochówków.","precision":"exact","id":"place.varna-archaeological-museum","name":"Muzeum Archeologiczne w 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z berłem","body":"Grób 43 jest najbogatszym pochówkiem w nekropolii. Leży w nim mężczyzna ułożony na plecach, o wzroście około 1,70 m. Antropolodzy nie są zgodni co do jego wieku: według jednego badania miał 40–50 lat, według innego ponad 60.\n\nW prawej dłoni trzyma kamienny topór. Jego trzonek był wsunięty w złote rurki i pierścienie. Na obu przedramionach znajdują się masywne złote bransolety, wokół głowy okrągłe złote aplikacje z ozdoby głowy, a przy miednicy złota osłona penisa. Około jednej trzeciej złotych przedmiotów, pochodzi z grobu 43.\n\nAutorzy opisu przypuszczają, że pochowano tu przywódcę i kapłana wspólnoty. To interpretacja, a nie ustalony fakt.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-varna-grave43-museum-480.a9d9817d.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-varna-grave43-museum-960.a9d9817d.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-varna-grave43-museum-1600.a9d9817d.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-varna-grave43-museum-2400.a9d9817d.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#75634d","h":1600,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-varna-grave43-museum-960.a9d9817d.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-varna-grave43-museum-960.a9d9817d.webp","id":"asset.varna.grave43.museum","alt":"Aranżacja muzealna grobu 43, nie zdjęcie z wykopalisk. Szkielet w ekspozycji grobu 43: złote bransolety, złote aplikacje wokół czaszki, kamienny topór-berło ze złotymi rurkami na trzonku.","objectCaption":"Aranżacja muzealna grobu 43, nie zdjęcie z wykopalisk. Szkielet w ekspozycji grobu 43: złote bransolety, złote aplikacje wokół czaszki, kamienny topór-berło ze złotymi rurkami na trzonku.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Gabriele Burchielli · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Photo: Gabriele Burchielli, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. Museum arrangement of grave 43; not an excavation photograph. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Gabriele Burchielli, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. Museum arrangement of grave 43; not an excavation photograph. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grave_43_(Varna_Archaeology_Museum)_(36755886415).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h43-sceptre","x":0.21,"y":0.36,"title":"Berło","body":"Kamienny topór, którego trzonek umieszczono w złotych rurkach i pierścieniach. Mężczyzna trzyma go w prawej ręce. Na zdjęciu muzealnym złote rurki ułożono na przezroczystej podporze.","sourceIds":["src.chapman2006","src.photo.varna-grave43"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h43-bracelets","x":0.1,"y":0.8,"title":"Złote bransolety","body":"Po jednej masywnej złotej bransolecie na każdym przedramieniu oraz złote bransolety w kształcie pierścieni na nadgarstkach.","sourceIds":["src.chapman2006"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h43-spondylus","x":0.84,"y":0.77,"title":"Naprawiona bransoleta","body":"W opisie grobu 43 odnotowano bransoletę z muszli spondylusa, złamaną na pół i naprawioną złotymi płytkami. Przedmiot na zdjęciu to prawdopodobnie ta bransoleta.","sourceIds":["src.chapman2006"],"certainty":"editorial_identification"},{"id":"h43-head","x":0.5,"y":0.04,"title":"Aplikacje wokół głowy","body":"Okrągłe złote aplikacje, opisane jako część ozdoby głowy. Znaleziono też złote kolczyki.","sourceIds":["src.chapman2006"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":47.46491666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.varna-necropolis.varna-necropolis.s3-grave-43","duration":47.573,"src":"/audio/pl/varna-necropolis/s3-grave-43.409cd70f.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.chapman2006"},{"id":"src.varna.krauss2017"},{"id":"src.photo.varna-grave43"}]},{"id":"varna-necropolis.s4-symbolic-graves","number":4,"kind":"artifact","title":"Groby bez ludzkich szczątków","body":"W niektórych grobach są dary, ale nie ma ludzkich kości. Nazywamy je grobami symbolicznymi. Jeden zawierał berło, miedziane narzędzia i złoto. W innych znaleziono gliniane głowy ze złotymi ozdobami. Według jednej interpretacji głowy były częściami większych figur. Dawniej uważano je za maski. Dla kogo zostawiono te dary? Nadal nie wiemy tego na pewno.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-varna-grave4-offerings-480.baf345bf.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-varna-grave4-offerings-960.baf345bf.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-varna-grave4-offerings-1600.baf345bf.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-varna-grave4-offerings-2400.baf345bf.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#3e3832","h":1600,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-varna-grave4-offerings-960.baf345bf.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-varna-grave4-offerings-960.baf345bf.webp","id":"asset.varna.grave4.offerings","alt":"Muzealne zdjęcie znalezisk. Kamienny topór-berło ze złoconym trzonkiem, złote bransolety, złote aplikacje, miedziane narzędzia, paciorki.","objectCaption":"Muzealne zdjęcie znalezisk. 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Dwie płaskie złote figurki byka z kropkowanym brzegiem i pętelką z tyłu.","objectCaption":"Złote aplikacje byków","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"CryolophosaurusEllioti · CC BY 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 4.0","attribution":"Photo: CryolophosaurusEllioti, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. Museum photograph of finds. Cropped image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"CryolophosaurusEllioti, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. Museum photograph of finds. Cropped image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bull-shaped_appliqu%C3%A9s_-_Varna_Regional_Museum_of_History_I.1633-1634.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h4-sceptre","x":0.38,"y":0.55,"title":"Berło bez właściciela","body":"Kamienny topór, którego trzonek okuto złotem. Podobny przedmiot znajduje się w grobie 43, ale w grobie 4 nie odkryto ludzkich szczątków.","sourceIds":["src.varna.krauss2017"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h4-armrings","x":0.86,"y":0.2,"title":"Złote bransolety","body":"Złote bransolety z symbolicznego grobu 4.","sourceIds":["src.varna.krauss2017"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h4-copper","x":0.17,"y":0.12,"title":"Miedziane narzędzia","body":"W grobie 4 znajdują się miedziane ciosła, kilof i topór. 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Jednak bezpośredni związek ze złotem Warny pozostaje nieudowodniony.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-provadia-salt-production-480.08589034.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-provadia-salt-production-960.08589034.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-provadia-salt-production-1600.08589034.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#8f9493","h":900,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-provadia-salt-production-960.08589034.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-provadia-salt-production-960.08589034.webp","id":"asset.provadia.salt-production","alt":"Stanowisko archeologiczne dziś. Teren wykopalisk z jamami i pozostałościami ceramiki pod pochmurnym niebem.","objectCaption":"Stanowisko archeologiczne dziś. 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