{"version":2,"locale":"ru","id":"story.atanasoff-computer","hasFind":true,"slug":"atanasoff-computer","url":"/ru/stories/atanasoff-computer/","topic":"Джон Винсент Атанасов","title":"Атанасов и спор о компьютере","summary":"Джон Атанасов и Клиффорд Берри строят в Айове машину для сложных вычислений. Спустя десятилетия их идеи становятся частью спора о патенте на другой компьютер.","cover":{"title":"Атанасов и спор о компьютере","subtitle":"Вычислительная машина и патентное дело","hook":"Что создали Атанасов и Берри?","summary":"Джон Атанасов и Клиффорд Берри строят в Айове машину для сложных вычислений. Спустя десятилетия их идеи становятся частью спора о патенте на другой компьютер.","takeaway":"Решение по одному патенту не распределяет все заслуги в создании компьютеров."},"sortYear":1942,"firstActivity":4,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.xx","styleId":"xx","sortOrder":0,"title":"20-й век","dateLabel":"1901–2000","eraShort":"20-й век","slug":"xx","fill":"#CFC9C4","ink":"#221616","raised":"#D6D1CD","dark":"#64615F"},"epochId":"epoch.xx","placeShort":"Эймс","date":"1939–1942","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-add-subtract-cutout-480.e7075786.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-add-subtract-cutout-660.e7075786.avif","w":660}],"dominant":"#937a61","h":811,"w":660,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-add-subtract-cutout-660.e7075786.webp","w":660}],"src":"/media/asset-ata-add-subtract-cutout-660.e7075786.webp","id":"asset.ata.add-subtract-cutout","alt":"Вырезанный фрагмент с удалённым фоном. Реконструированный модуль сложения и вычитания компьютера Атанасова — Берри.","objectCaption":"Реконструкция ABC","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"contain","credit":"ArnoldReinhold · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: ArnoldReinhold / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Reconstructed add-subtract module from the Atanasoff–Berry Computer. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"ArnoldReinhold / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Reconstructed add-subtract module from the Atanasoff–Berry Computer. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Atanasoff-Berry_add-subtract_module.agr.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"atanasoff-computer.s1-equations","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Машина против долгих вычислений","body":"В Эймсе, штат Айова, Джон Атанасов хочет сэкономить часы вычислений. Механический калькулятор помогает, но длинные задачи по-прежнему требуют много труда. С 1939 по 1942 год Атанасов и Клиффорд Берри строят машину в Эймсе.\n\nЭто компьютер Атанасова — Берри, или ABC. В декабре 1939 года уже работает опытная модель. Полноразмерная машина рассчитана на решение до 29 уравнений с 29 неизвестными. Это связанные равенства с общими неизвестными числами. Представьте несколько вычислений с неизвестными ценами, которые должны одновременно давать верный результат.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-durham-480.895d0ba8.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-durham-960.895d0ba8.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-durham-1600.895d0ba8.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#828883","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-durham-960.895d0ba8.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-durham-960.895d0ba8.webp","id":"asset.ata.abc-durham","alt":"Реконструкция компьютера Атанасова — Берри в Durham Center.","objectCaption":"Реконструкция компьютера Атанасова — Берри в Durham Center.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"contain","credit":"User:Manop · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: User:Manop / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. 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барабан хранит числа","body":"Посмотрите на цилиндр вверху слева. Это барабан памяти. На фотографии реконструкция, а не сохранившаяся машина военных лет. В ABC числа представлены нулями и единицами. Это называется двоичной системой.\n\nКонденсаторы, небольшие устройства для хранения электрического заряда, хранят эти знаки. Заряд ослабевает, и его нужно регулярно восстанавливать. Так память не теряет числа между операциями. Человек задаёт, что вычислять. Машина не хранит программу — последовательность инструкций для автоматического выполнения.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-close-480.d6fb8a96.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-close-960.d6fb8a96.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-close-1600.d6fb8a96.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-close-2400.d6fb8a96.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#856e55","h":1800,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-close-960.d6fb8a96.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-close-960.d6fb8a96.webp","id":"asset.ata.abc-close","alt":"Реконструкция компьютера Атанасова — Берри: барабан, пульт и лампы.","objectCaption":"Реконструкция компьютера Атанасова — Берри: барабан, пульт и лампы.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Ik T from Kanagawa, Japan · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Photo: Ik T from Kanagawa, Japan / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. 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