{"version":2,"locale":"ru","id":"story.belogradchik-fortress","hasFind":true,"slug":"belogradchik-fortress","url":"/ru/stories/belogradchik-fortress/","topic":"Белоградчикская крепость","title":"Крестьяне под Белоградчиком, 1850 год","summary":"Римское укрепление, стены Срацимира и османские порталы. В 1850 году крестьяне окружили Белоградчик.","cover":{"title":"Крестьяне под Белоградчиком, 1850 год","subtitle":"Белоградчикская крепость от римлян до крестьянского бунта","hook":"Почему крестьяне восстали в 1850 году?","summary":"Римское укрепление, стены Срацимира и османские порталы. В 1850 году крестьяне окружили Белоградчик.","takeaway":"Спор о земле продолжился и после подавления восстания."},"sortYear":1850,"firstActivity":4,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.revival","styleId":"revival","sortOrder":1,"title":"Возрождение и Освобождение","dateLabel":"XVIII–XIX века","eraShort":"Возрождение","slug":"revival","fill":"#B9A48E","ink":"#221616","raised":"#C4B29F","dark":"#77654D"},"epochId":"epoch.revival","placeShort":"Белоградчик","date":"1850","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-bel-keystone-cutout-480.8dfbbc42.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-bel-keystone-cutout-564.8dfbbc42.avif","w":564}],"dominant":"#8a7562","h":654,"w":564,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-bel-keystone-cutout-564.8dfbbc42.webp","w":564}],"src":"/media/asset-bel-keystone-cutout-564.8dfbbc42.webp","id":"asset.bel.keystone-cutout","alt":"Вырезанный фрагмент с удалённым фоном. Резной замковый камень в середине арки, который её замыкает. Современная фотография; дата камня и значение украшения не установлены.","objectCaption":"Резной камень","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Image: Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Carved keystone: the stone in the middle that closes the arch. Modern photograph; the stone’s date and the meaning of its decoration are not established. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Image: Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Carved keystone: the stone in the middle that closes the arch. Modern photograph; the stone’s date and the meaning of its decoration are not established. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Belogradchik-fortress-keystone.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"belogradchik-fortress.s1-gaps","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Стены между скалами","body":"Между огромными красноватыми скалами близ Белоградчика есть просветы. Строители закрыли их стенами. Скалы стали частью преграды.\n\nМестный музей относит первое небольшое укрепление к I–III векам, времени Римской империи. Оно стояло между двумя проходами через Стара-Планину. Проход — это место, где можно пересечь горы. Из укрепления наблюдали за окрестностями.\n\nАрхеологи нашли фундаменты, керамику, железные наконечники оружия и римские монеты. Это следы раннего использования крепости.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-bel-gaps-480.165fe39c.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-bel-gaps-960.165fe39c.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-bel-gaps-1600.165fe39c.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#87978b","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-bel-gaps-960.165fe39c.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-bel-gaps-960.165fe39c.webp","id":"asset.bel.gaps","alt":"Стены закрывают просветы между скалами. Современная фотография после перестроек и работ по сохранению и восстановлению.","objectCaption":"Стены закрывают просветы между скалами. Современная фотография после перестроек и работ по сохранению и восстановлению.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Elena Chochkova · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Image: Elena Chochkova, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Walls close gaps between the rocks. Modern photograph after rebuilding and restoration. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Image: Elena Chochkova, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Walls close gaps between the rocks. Modern photograph after rebuilding and restoration. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Belogradchik_Fortress_E3.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":28.471,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"ru_RU-dmitri-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.ru.belogradchik-fortress.belogradchik-fortress.s1-gaps","duration":28.587,"src":"/audio/ru/belogradchik-fortress/s1-gaps.ad958a66.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.bel.museum.fortress"},{"id":"src.bel.photo.gaps"}]},{"id":"belogradchik-fortress.s2-sratsimir","number":2,"kind":"narrative","title":"Срацимир возводит стены","body":"В XIV веке Иван Срацимир правил из Видина. Он расширил и укрепил старую крепость. По данным музея, тогда были построены две поперечные стены. Деревянные мосты и каменные лестницы помогали защитникам передвигаться.\n\nСолдаты, оставленные охранять крепость, называются гарнизоном. Укрепление меняло хозяев. В конце XIV века его захватили османы. Они тоже оставили здесь охрану.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-bel-court-480.2e152893.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-bel-court-960.2e152893.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-bel-court-1600.2e152893.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#81aaaf","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-bel-court-960.2e152893.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-bel-court-960.2e152893.webp","id":"asset.bel.court","alt":"Двор и скальная преграда. Современная фотография, не вид римской эпохи.","objectCaption":"Двор и скальная преграда. Современная фотография, не вид римской эпохи.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Elena Chochkova · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Image: Elena Chochkova, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Courtyard and rock barrier. Modern photograph, not a Roman-period view. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Image: Elena Chochkova, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Courtyard and rock barrier. Modern photograph, not a Roman-period view. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Belogradchik_Fortress_E1.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":21.435333333333332,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"ru_RU-dmitri-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.ru.belogradchik-fortress.belogradchik-fortress.s2-sratsimir","duration":21.547,"src":"/audio/ru/belogradchik-fortress/s2-sratsimir.e0c27efa.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.bel.museum.fortress"},{"id":"src.bel.photo.court"}]},{"id":"belogradchik-fortress.s3-rebuilt","number":3,"kind":"artifact","title":"Ворота для нового оружия","body":"С 1805 по 1837 год османскую крепость основательно перестроили. По данным музея, вначале работали французские инженеры. На заключительном этапе к ним присоединились итальянские мастера фортификации. Были устроены три двора с порталами — большими входами. Двери обили железными полосами.\n\nЗдесь есть места для орудий и отверстия, через которые они стреляют. В подземельях хранили продовольствие и боеприпасы, то есть материалы для стрельбы.\n\nНа фотографии показаны каменные ворота под высокими скалами.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-bel-portal-480.e326ea79.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-bel-portal-960.e326ea79.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-bel-portal-1600.e326ea79.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-bel-portal-2400.e326ea79.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#638b98","h":1483,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-bel-portal-960.e326ea79.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-bel-portal-960.e326ea79.webp","id":"asset.bel.portal","alt":"Портал, стена и скалы. Современная фотография перестроенной и восстановленной крепости.","objectCaption":"Портал, стена и скалы. Современная фотография перестроенной и восстановленной крепости.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Yanko Malinov · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Image: Yanko Malinov, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Gateway, masonry and rocks. Modern photograph of a rebuilt and restored fortress. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Image: Yanko Malinov, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Gateway, masonry and rocks. Modern photograph of a rebuilt and restored fortress. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Belogradchik_Fortress_Entrance.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-bel-keystone-480.ba62475b.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-bel-keystone-960.ba62475b.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-bel-keystone-1503.ba62475b.avif","w":1503}],"dominant":"#6f614f","h":2248,"w":1503,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-bel-keystone-960.ba62475b.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-bel-keystone-960.ba62475b.webp","id":"asset.bel.keystone","alt":"Резной замковый камень в середине арки, который её замыкает. Современная фотография; дата камня и значение украшения не установлены.","objectCaption":"Резной камень","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Image: Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Carved keystone: the stone in the middle that closes the arch. Modern photograph; the stone’s date and the meaning of its decoration are not established. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Image: Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Carved keystone: the stone in the middle that closes the arch. Modern photograph; the stone’s date and the meaning of its decoration are not established. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Belogradchik-fortress-keystone.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"hp-portal","x":0.545,"y":0.865,"title":"Каменный проход","body":"Портал сложен из обработанных камней. Это не доказывает, что видимая арка относится к римской эпохе.","sourceIds":["src.bel.museum.fortress","src.bel.photo.portal"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"hp-rock","x":0.718,"y":0.4,"title":"Естественная преграда","body":"Высокий скальный массив составляет часть преграды. Строители использовали рельеф.","sourceIds":["src.bel.museum.fortress","src.bel.photo.portal"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"hp-wall","x":0.86,"y":0.795,"title":"Скала и стена","body":"Каменная стена продолжает преграду. Крепость перестраивали в 1805–1837 годах, а позднее восстановили.","sourceIds":["src.bel.museum.fortress","src.bel.museum.history","src.bel.photo.portal"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":27.774416666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"ru_RU-dmitri-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.ru.belogradchik-fortress.belogradchik-fortress.s3-rebuilt","duration":27.904,"src":"/audio/ru/belogradchik-fortress/s3-rebuilt.5ce0f230.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.bel.museum.fortress"},{"id":"src.bel.museum.history"},{"id":"src.bel.photo.portal"},{"id":"src.bel.photo.keystone"}]},{"id":"belogradchik-fortress.a1-wall","number":4,"kind":"activity","title":"Задание: что защищает стена?","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.bel.wall","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Как строители использовали скалы?","sourceIds":["src.bel.museum.fortress","src.bel.photo.portal"],"items":[{"id":"o-gaps","label":"Закрыли просветы стенами."},{"id":"o-carve","label":"Они высекают скалы из кладочных блоков.","whyWrong":"Скалы природные, а стена сложена из обработанных блоков."},{"id":"o-remove","label":"Убрали скалы и построили крепость на равнине.","whyWrong":"Массивы остались на месте и стали частью преграды."}],"explanation":"Естественные массивы и участки кладки вместе образуют преграду.","correctItemId":"o-gaps","sources":[{"id":"src.bel.museum.fortress"},{"id":"src.bel.photo.portal"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":2.302125,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"ru_RU-dmitri-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.ru.belogradchik-fortress.belogradchik-fortress.a1-wall","duration":2.432,"src":"/audio/ru/belogradchik-fortress/a1-wall.3bb0066d.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.bel.museum.fortress"},{"id":"src.bel.photo.portal"}]},{"id":"belogradchik-fortress.s4-land","number":5,"kind":"map","title":"Земля за стенами","body":"В 1850 году в северо-западных болгарских землях Османской империи вспыхнуло Белоградчикское восстание. Карта связывает Белоградчик с Видином. Участвовали и сёла Ломского края.\n\nЧего хотели крестьяне? Одной из причин, вероятно, был спор о земле. Господарлык — это порядок, при котором землевладельцы получали от крестьян доходы и труд. Христиане-земледельцы сталкивались с препятствиями на пути к владению обрабатываемой землёй. Повинность — это обязательная работа на господина.","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Приблизительный современный ориентир. Он не показывает исторические границы или место сражения.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.bel.fortress","name":"Белоградчикская крепость","latitude":43.62333333,"longitude":22.67722222,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":150,"sourceIds":["src.bel.coords.fortress"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/ru/places/belogradchik-fortress/","slug":"bel.fortress","url":"/ru/map/#bel.fortress"},{"note":"Приблизительный ориентир; не обозначает средневековые границы.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.vid.vidin","name":"Видин","latitude":43.98869,"longitude":22.874058,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":2000,"sourceIds":["src.vid.coords-vidin","src.bel.coords.vidin","src.nik.coords.vidin"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"vid.vidin","url":"/ru/map/#vid.vidin"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-1536.8876519a.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-2048.4c826249.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-3072.8876519a.avif","w":3072}]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief-dark@3x.jpg?v=0941a59d06","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-1024.73ab39a9.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-1536.4f3ca147.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-2048.73ab39a9.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-3072.4f3ca147.avif","w":3072}]},"places":[{"note":"Приблизительный современный ориентир. 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