{"version":2,"locale":"ru","id":"story.democracy-1989","hasFind":true,"slug":"democracy-1989","url":"/ru/stories/democracy-1989/","topic":"10 ноября 1989","title":"10 ноября: кто меняет правила?","summary":"Сбор подписей в защиту воды, смена партийного руководителя, переговоры и выборы. Рассказ прослеживает события от 1989 года до принятия конституции в 1991 году.","cover":{"title":"10 ноября: кто меняет правила?","subtitle":"От сбора подписей «Экогласности» до конституции 1991 года","hook":"Как менялась власть в 1989–1991 годах?","summary":"Сбор подписей в защиту воды, смена партийного руководителя, переговоры и выборы. Рассказ прослеживает события от 1989 года до принятия конституции в 1991 году.","takeaway":"В этом рассказе мы различаем смену руководителя и изменение правил управления."},"sortYear":1989,"firstActivity":7,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.xx","styleId":"xx","sortOrder":0,"title":"20-й век","dateLabel":"1901–2000","eraShort":"20-й век","slug":"xx","fill":"#CFC9C4","ink":"#221616","raised":"#D6D1CD","dark":"#64615F"},"epochId":"epoch.xx","placeShort":"София","date":"1989–1991","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-cutout-480.b48135fe.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-cutout-960.b48135fe.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-cutout-1600.b48135fe.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#8d7a6d","h":2259,"w":2214,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-cutout-960.b48135fe.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-cutout-960.b48135fe.webp","id":"asset.dem.bell-cutout","alt":"Вырезанный фрагмент с удалённым фоном. Металлический колокольчик на украшенном основании за стеклом.","objectCaption":"Музейный звонок","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Biser Todorov · CC BY 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Biser Todorov; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY 4.0. A museum photograph of a parliamentary bell. The photograph’s catalogue associates it with the declaration of the people’s republic in 1946. Its use at the adoption of the constitution in 1991 has not been established. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Biser Todorov; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY 4.0. A museum photograph of a parliamentary bell. The photograph’s catalogue associates it with the declaration of the people’s republic in 1946. Its use at the adoption of the constitution in 1991 has not been established. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bell_of_bulgarian_parlament_1946.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"democracy-1989.s1-signatures","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Подписи в защиту воды","body":"Осенью 1989 года в Софии люди ставят подписи на листах бумаги. «Экогласность», независимая группа защиты природы, собирает подписи против планов отвода воды из гор Рила в другие места. Это коллективное письменное обращение к власти.\n\nВ сквере «Кристалл» подписи собирают открыто. 26 октября милиция, тогдашняя полиция, избивает и задерживает участников. Жертвы насилия были и раньше. Ещё в мае протесты болгарских турок подавили силой, были погибшие.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-parliament-480.44626f9e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-parliament-960.44626f9e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-parliament-1600.44626f9e.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#6d7e8a","h":767,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-parliament-960.44626f9e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-dem-parliament-960.44626f9e.webp","id":"asset.dem.parliament","alt":"Светлый фасад Народного собрания в Софии.","objectCaption":"Светлый фасад Народного собрания в Софии.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Лорд Бъмбъри · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Лорд Бъмбъри; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. The National Assembly building in Sofia, 2 October 2016. A later view of the building, not evidence of its appearance or the people outside it in 1989. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Лорд Бъмбъри; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. The National Assembly building in Sofia, 2 October 2016. A later view of the building, not evidence of its appearance or the people outside it in 1989. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:National_Assembly_main_building,_Sofia,_October_2016_02.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":26.764333333333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"ru_RU-dmitri-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.ru.democracy-1989.democracy-1989.s1-signatures","duration":26.88,"src":"/audio/ru/democracy-1989/s1-signatures.d6d07773.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.dem.eko1989"},{"id":"src.dem.dineva2019"}]},{"id":"democracy-1989.s2-petition","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"3 ноября: листы попадают в парламент","body":"3 ноября 1989 года участники шествия в Софии передают подписи в Народное собрание, болгарский парламент. Люди хотят быть услышанными в вопросах воды и природы.\n\nНа наш взгляд, сбор подписей выражает и требование участия граждан в принятии решений. Это толкование, а не цитата из документа. На карте парламент показывает, куда попало обращение. Другая точка — «Бояна», комплекс зданий, которым пользовалось государственное руководство. Неделю спустя там заседало партийное руководство. Это разные места и действия.","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"3 ноября 1989 года участники шествия передали петицию «Экогласности» в Народное собрание.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.dem.parliament","name":"Народное собрание, историческое здание","latitude":42.694444444444,"longitude":23.332777777778,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":70,"sourceIds":["src.dem.coordinates","src.dem.eko1989"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/ru/place/#bulgaria-national-assembly-building","slug":"dem.parliament","url":"/ru/map/#dem.parliament"},{"note":"Комплекс зданий, которым пользовалось руководство государства. Точка указана приблизительно и не обозначает зал заседаний.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.dem.boyana","name":"Комплекс «Бояна»","latitude":42.655278,"longitude":23.2675,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":700,"sourceIds":["src.dem.coordinates","src.dem.bnt2019"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"dem.boyana","url":"/ru/map/#dem.boyana"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-1536.8876519a.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-2048.4c826249.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-3072.8876519a.avif","w":3072}]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief-dark@3x.jpg?v=0941a59d06","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-1024.73ab39a9.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-1536.4f3ca147.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-2048.73ab39a9.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-3072.4f3ca147.avif","w":3072}]},"places":[{"note":"3 ноября 1989 года участники шествия передали петицию «Экогласности» в Народное собрание.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.dem.parliament","name":"Народное собрание, историческое здание","latitude":42.694444444444,"longitude":23.332777777778,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":70,"sourceIds":["src.dem.coordinates","src.dem.eko1989"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/ru/place/#bulgaria-national-assembly-building","slug":"dem.parliament","url":"/ru/map/#dem.parliament","number":1,"x":22.90972,"y":50.91146,"inside":true,"viewX":28.378491870967743,"viewY":49.3399506483871},{"note":"Комплекс зданий, которым пользовалось руководство государства. Точка указана приблизительно и не обозначает зал заседаний.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.dem.boyana","name":"Комплекс «Бояна»","latitude":42.655278,"longitude":23.2675,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":700,"sourceIds":["src.dem.coordinates","src.dem.bnt2019"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"dem.boyana","url":"/ru/map/#dem.boyana","number":2,"x":22.09375,"y":51.94123,"inside":true,"viewX":37.37849187096774,"viewY":55.3399506483871}],"extent":[0,0,1,1],"orientation":[{"name":"София","kind":"town","x":22.774,"y":50.826,"viewX":28.210374193548386,"viewY":49.2303964419355},{"name":"Пловдив","kind":"town","x":40.566,"y":65.549,"viewX":50.24949677419356,"viewY":68.10433257096776},{"name":"Варна","kind":"town","x":80.184,"y":37.187,"viewX":99.32469677419355,"viewY":31.746078377419355},{"name":"Бургас","kind":"town","x":74.532,"y":55.892,"viewX":92.32350967741935,"viewY":55.724681603225825},{"name":"Русе","kind":"town","x":55.821,"y":20.617,"viewX":69.14601290322581,"viewY":10.50440740967742},{"name":"Велико-Тырново","kind":"town","x":51.465,"y":40.853,"viewX":63.7501935483871,"viewY":36.445653861290324},{"name":"Плевен","kind":"town","x":38.834,"y":31.796,"viewX":48.104051612903234,"viewY":24.835164183870972},{"name":"Стара-Загора","kind":"town","x":51.681,"y":57.962,"viewX":64.01775483870968,"viewY":58.37828805483872},{"name":"Шумен","kind":"town","x":67.951,"y":35.671,"viewX":84.17156129032259,"viewY":29.802664183870963},{"name":"Видин","kind":"town","x":17.099,"y":16.308,"viewX":21.18069677419355,"viewY":4.980547409677417},{"name":"Благоевград","kind":"town","x":19.929,"y":68.531,"viewX":24.686245161290323,"viewY":71.927064183871},{"name":"Хасково","kind":"town","x":50.694,"y":70.78,"viewX":62.79514838709679,"viewY":74.81013708709679},{"name":"Смолян","kind":"town","x":40.014,"y":80.031,"viewX":49.56572903225807,"viewY":86.66932224838712},{"name":"Сливен","kind":"town","x":60.286,"y":51.247,"viewX":74.67685161290323,"viewY":49.77009128064516},{"name":"Добрич","kind":"town","x":79.091,"y":27.65,"viewX":97.97078709677419,"viewY":19.520259667741932},{"name":"Перник","kind":"town","x":19.223,"y":53.257,"viewX":23.811716129032256,"viewY":52.346781603225814},{"name":"Ямбол","kind":"town","x":62.544,"y":56.432,"viewX":77.47385806451614,"viewY":56.41692676451614},{"name":"Пазарджик","kind":"town","x":35.42,"y":64.052,"viewX":43.87509677419355,"viewY":66.18527515161293},{"name":"Враца","kind":"town","x":25.661,"y":37.29,"viewX":31.786529032258066,"viewY":31.878117732258065},{"name":"Габрово","kind":"town","x":47.734,"y":46.177,"viewX":59.12856774193549,"viewY":43.270678377419365},{"name":"Кырджали","kind":"town","x":48.471,"y":78.573,"viewX":60.04149677419355,"viewY":84.80026031290323},{"name":"Кюстендил","kind":"town","x":14.889,"y":61.673,"viewX":18.443148387096777,"viewY":63.13555063548388},{"name":"Монтана","kind":"town","x":21.563,"y":31.916,"viewX":26.710296774193548,"viewY":24.988996441935484},{"name":"Ловеч","kind":"town","x":40.178,"y":39.23,"viewX":49.76887741935484,"viewY":34.36507257096774},{"name":"Силистра","kind":"town","x":72.008,"y":13.056,"viewX":89.1970064516129,"viewY":0.8116932161290262},{"name":"Тырговиште","kind":"town","x":63.402,"y":36.202,"viewX":78.53667096774194,"viewY":30.48337192580646},{"name":"Разград","kind":"town","x":62.709,"y":28.698,"viewX":77.67824516129032,"viewY":20.863728054838713},{"name":"Казанлык","kind":"town","x":48.661,"y":52.884,"viewX":60.27685161290323,"viewY":51.86861966774193},{"name":"Дунай","kind":"nature","x":46.384,"y":23.924,"viewX":57.45630967741936,"viewY":14.74376805483871},{"name":"Чёрное море","kind":"nature","x":86.25,"y":45.496,"viewX":106.83870967741937,"viewY":42.39768031290323},{"name":"Стара-Планина","kind":"nature","x":41.25,"y":49.45,"viewX":51.09677419354839,"viewY":47.46645321612905},{"name":"Рила","kind":"nature","x":25.625,"y":65.69,"viewX":31.741935483870964,"viewY":68.28508547419355},{"name":"Пирин","kind":"nature","x":24.125,"y":75.565,"viewX":29.883870967741938,"viewY":80.94419837741937},{"name":"Родопы","kind":"nature","x":38.75,"y":79.447,"viewX":48.00000000000001,"viewY":85.92067192580647},{"name":"Странджа","kind":"nature","x":76.25,"y":67.774,"viewX":94.45161290322581,"viewY":70.95663902258066}],"crop":{"sx":0.8072916666666666,"sy":0.7800704579768494,"x":0,"y":0.12422822101157527},"credit":{"id":"map-relief"}},"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":30.16604166666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"ru_RU-dmitri-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.ru.democracy-1989.democracy-1989.s2-petition","duration":30.293,"src":"/audio/ru/democracy-1989/s2-petition.e81a0945.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.dem.eko1989"},{"id":"src.dem.bnt2019"}]},{"id":"democracy-1989.s3-party-change","number":3,"kind":"narrative","title":"10 ноября: смена партийного руководителя","body":"10 ноября 1989 года Центральный комитет принимает отставку Тодора Живкова. Это руководящий орган Болгарской коммунистической партии. Живков оставляет пост генерального секретаря — высший в партии. Избран новый партийный руководитель.\n\nРешение принято внутри правящей партии. Это не выбор граждан. Живков лишается партийного поста десятого числа, а поста главы государства — 17 ноября. На наш взгляд, смена руководителя сама по себе не меняет правил управления.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhivkov-480.051ea1bc.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhivkov-960.051ea1bc.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhivkov-1600.051ea1bc.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#8f8f8f","h":1223,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhivkov-960.051ea1bc.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhivkov-960.051ea1bc.webp","id":"asset.dem.zhivkov","alt":"Чёрно-белая фотография Живкова в очках перед микрофоном.","objectCaption":"Чёрно-белая фотография Живкова в очках перед микрофоном.","caption":"","kindLabel":"Фото","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Неизвестный фотограф / Anefo · CC0 · Nationaal Archief / Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Archival photograph. Photo: Unknown photographer / Anefo; Nationaal Archief / Wikimedia Commons; CC0. Todor Zhivkov in an archival photograph from 1971. The photograph does not show the party meeting of 1989. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Archival photograph. Photo: Unknown photographer / Anefo; Nationaal Archief / Wikimedia Commons; CC0. Todor Zhivkov in an archival photograph from 1971. The photograph does not show the party meeting of 1989. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Todor_Zhivkov_,_eerste_secretaris_Communistische_Partij_en_president_van_Bulgari,_Bestanddeelnr_924-8077.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":27.12425,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"ru_RU-dmitri-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.ru.democracy-1989.democracy-1989.s3-party-change","duration":27.221,"src":"/audio/ru/democracy-1989/s3-party-change.239065b5.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.dem.dineva2019"},{"id":"src.dem.bnt2019"},{"id":"src.dem.mihaylova2022"},{"id":"src.dem.gazette1991"}]},{"id":"democracy-1989.s4-round-table","number":4,"kind":"narrative","title":"Участники переговоров обещают не применять насилие","body":"3 января 1990 года начинаются подготовительные беседы к Национальному круглому столу. Это переговоры между правящей партией и организациями, которые хотят перемен в управлении. Совместные заседания начинаются 22 января.\n\n12 марта участники обещают не применять насилие и искать согласия путём переговоров. Обещание показывает, как они хотят действовать. Оно не доказывает, что насилие исчезло.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhelev-480.ce685995.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhelev-960.ce685995.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhelev-1600.ce685995.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#293239","h":1073,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhelev-960.ce685995.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhelev-960.ce685995.webp","id":"asset.dem.zhelev","alt":"Желю Желев слева и Жак Сантер на синем фоне с жёлтыми звёздами.","objectCaption":"Желю Желев слева и Жак Сантер на синем фоне с жёлтыми звёздами.","caption":"","kindLabel":"Фото","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Patrick Bombaert - European Commission · CC BY 4.0 · European Commission / Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 4.0","attribution":"Archival photograph. Photo: Patrick Bombaert - European Commission; European Commission / Wikimedia Commons; CC BY 4.0. Zhelyu Zhelev on the left with Jacques Santer, 26 March 1996. This is a later photograph of a Round Table participant, not a photograph of the negotiations. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Archival photograph. Photo: Patrick Bombaert - European Commission; European Commission / Wikimedia Commons; CC BY 4.0. Zhelyu Zhelev on the left with Jacques Santer, 26 March 1996. This is a later photograph of a Round Table participant, not a photograph of the negotiations. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zhelev,_Santer_1996.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":23.838625,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"ru_RU-dmitri-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.ru.democracy-1989.democracy-1989.s4-round-table","duration":23.936,"src":"/audio/ru/democracy-1989/s4-round-table.3bcd63f5.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.dem.mihaylova2022"},{"id":"src.dem.roundtable-peace"},{"id":"src.dem.dineva2019"}]},{"id":"democracy-1989.s5-election","number":5,"kind":"narrative","title":"Голосование за собрание","body":"Весной 1990 года переговоры приводят к договорённости о выборах в Великое народное собрание. Оно разработает новую конституцию, основной закон государства. «Великое» означает собрание с особыми полномочиями, такими как принятие конституции.\n\nГолосование проходит 10 июня. 17 июня проводится повторное голосование за часть мест в собрании. Всего избраны 400 представителей. У Болгарской социалистической партии, переименованной коммунистической партии, 211 избранных представителей. У Союза демократических сил — 144. Представлены и другие политические силы.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-mladenov-480.892c8eae.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-mladenov-960.892c8eae.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-mladenov-1600.892c8eae.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#9d9d9d","h":1062,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-mladenov-960.892c8eae.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-dem-mladenov-960.892c8eae.webp","id":"asset.dem.mladenov","alt":"Двое мужчин в костюмах перед почётным караулом в аэропорту.","objectCaption":"Двое мужчин в костюмах перед почётным караулом в аэропорту.","caption":"","kindLabel":"Фото","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Bert Verhoeff  for  Anefo · CC0 · Nationaal Archief / Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Archival photograph. Photo: Bert Verhoeff / Anefo; Nationaal Archief / Wikimedia Commons; CC0. Petar Mladenov and Max van der Stoel in the Netherlands, 20 April 1976. Mladenov later replaced Zhivkov as party leader. This photograph does not show that change. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Archival photograph. Photo: Bert Verhoeff / Anefo; Nationaal Archief / Wikimedia Commons; CC0. Petar Mladenov and Max van der Stoel in the Netherlands, 20 April 1976. Mladenov later replaced Zhivkov as party leader. This photograph does not show that change. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgaarse_minister_buitenlandse_zaken_Petar_Mladenof_in_Nederland_gearriveerd_M,_Bestanddeelnr_928-5305.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":34.345666666666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"ru_RU-dmitri-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.ru.democracy-1989.democracy-1989.s5-election","duration":34.475,"src":"/audio/ru/democracy-1989/s5-election.e41945a2.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.dem.mihaylova2022"},{"id":"src.dem.ipu1990"}]},{"id":"democracy-1989.s6-constitution","number":6,"kind":"artifact","title":"Депутаты принимают конституцию","body":"12 июля 1991 года Великое народное собрание принимает конституцию. На следующий день она опубликована в «Государственный вестник», официальном издании для публикации законов. Тогда она вступает в силу.\n\nСогласно первой статье власть исходит от народа. Болгария — парламентская республика: правительство избирается парламентом. Парламент принимает законы, правительство управляет, а суды разрешают споры и рассматривают дела. Конституция допускает существование разных партий и защищает выражение мнений при определённых ограничениях. Другие законы не могут ей противоречить.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-constitution-cover-480.f4ee4d98.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-constitution-cover-647.f4ee4d98.avif","w":647}],"dominant":"#ced1cc","h":971,"w":647,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-constitution-cover-647.f4ee4d98.webp","w":647}],"src":"/media/asset-dem-constitution-cover-647.f4ee4d98.webp","id":"asset.dem.constitution-cover","alt":"Лист с заглавием и преамбулой конституции.","objectCaption":"Лист с заглавием и преамбулой конституции.","caption":"","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"contain","credit":"VII Великое народное собрание Болгарии · Public domain · Государственное агентство архивов Болгарии / Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Reproduction: 7th Grand National Assembly of Bulgaria; Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. The opening leaf of the 1991 constitution: title and preamble. Archival digital reproduction, Central State Archives, fonds 117, inventory 46, archival unit 1084, leaf 1. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Reproduction: 7th Grand National Assembly of Bulgaria; Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. The opening leaf of the 1991 constitution: title and preamble. Archival digital reproduction, Central State Archives, fonds 117, inventory 46, archival unit 1084, leaf 1. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-117-46-1084-1-Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Bulgaria.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-BulgarianGov"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-constitution-signatures-480.930c8e05.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-constitution-signatures-717.930c8e05.avif","w":717}],"dominant":"#bec1b8","h":982,"w":717,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-constitution-signatures-717.930c8e05.webp","w":717}],"src":"/media/asset-dem-constitution-signatures-717.930c8e05.webp","id":"asset.dem.constitution-signatures","alt":"Лист с напечатанными именами и рукописными записями.","objectCaption":"Лист с напечатанными именами и рукописными записями.","caption":"","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"contain","credit":"VII Великое народное собрание Болгарии · Public domain · Государственное агентство архивов Болгарии / Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Reproduction: 7th Grand National Assembly of Bulgaria; Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. Archival leaf with names and signatures from the constitution vote on 12 July 1991. Central State Archives, fonds 117, inventory 46, archival unit 1084, leaf 108. This is not the Ecoglasnost petition. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Reproduction: 7th Grand National Assembly of Bulgaria; Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. Archival leaf with names and signatures from the constitution vote on 12 July 1991. Central State Archives, fonds 117, inventory 46, archival unit 1084, leaf 108. This is not the Ecoglasnost petition. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-117-46-1084-108-Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Bulgaria.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-BulgarianGov"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-constitution-text-480.0108bab1.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-constitution-text-656.0108bab1.avif","w":656}],"dominant":"#c4c8bf","h":972,"w":656,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-constitution-text-656.0108bab1.webp","w":656}],"src":"/media/asset-dem-constitution-text-656.0108bab1.webp","id":"asset.dem.constitution-text","alt":"Лист с машинописным текстом статей конституции.","objectCaption":"Лист с машинописным текстом статей конституции.","caption":"","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"contain","credit":"VII Великое народное собрание Болгарии · Public domain · Государственное агентство архивов Болгарии / Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Reproduction: 7th Grand National Assembly of Bulgaria; Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. Leaf 27 of the constitution: visible text includes Article 78 on convening parliamentary sessions. Archival reproduction, Central State Archives, fonds 117, inventory 46, archival unit 1084. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Reproduction: 7th Grand National Assembly of Bulgaria; Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. Leaf 27 of the constitution: visible text includes Article 78 on convening parliamentary sessions. Archival reproduction, Central State Archives, fonds 117, inventory 46, archival unit 1084. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-117-46-1084-27-Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Bulgaria.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-BulgarianGov"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-480.ed128f95.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-960.ed128f95.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-1600.ed128f95.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-2400.ed128f95.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#5f5d5d","h":1923,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-960.ed128f95.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-960.ed128f95.webp","id":"asset.dem.bell","alt":"Металлический колокольчик на украшенном основании за стеклом.","objectCaption":"Музейный звонок","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Biser Todorov · CC BY 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Biser Todorov; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY 4.0. A museum photograph of a parliamentary bell. The photograph’s catalogue associates it with the declaration of the people’s republic in 1946. Its use at the adoption of the constitution in 1991 has not been established. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Biser Todorov; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY 4.0. A museum photograph of a parliamentary bell. The photograph’s catalogue associates it with the declaration of the people’s republic in 1946. Its use at the adoption of the constitution in 1991 has not been established. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bell_of_bulgarian_parlament_1946.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-title","x":0.46,"y":0.193,"title":"Заглавие","body":"Заглавие называет Конституцию Республики Болгария. Это первый архивный лист, а не современный плакат.","sourceIds":["src.dem.img.constitution-cover"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-representatives","x":0.49,"y":0.375,"title":"Кто говорит в тексте","body":"В начале говорят народные представители Седьмого Великого народного собрания. Это не текст уличной петиции.","sourceIds":["src.dem.gazette1991","src.dem.img.constitution-cover"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":31.489583333333332,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"ru_RU-dmitri-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.ru.democracy-1989.democracy-1989.s6-constitution","duration":31.616,"src":"/audio/ru/democracy-1989/s6-constitution.fa0a0701.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.dem.gazette1991"},{"id":"src.dem.constitution-web"},{"id":"src.dem.img.constitution-cover"},{"id":"src.dem.img.constitution-signatures"}]},{"id":"democracy-1989.a1-party","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Задание: что меняется","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.dem.party","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Что произошло 10 ноября 1989 года?","sourceIds":["src.dem.bnt2019","src.dem.dineva2019","src.dem.gazette1991","src.dem.ipu1990"],"items":[{"id":"opt-leader","label":"Избран новый генеральный секретарь коммунистической партии."},{"id":"opt-constitution","label":"Принята новая конституция.","whyWrong":"Конституция принята в июле 1991 года."},{"id":"opt-election","label":"Проведены выборы в Великое народное собрание.","whyWrong":"Выборы прошли в июне 1990 года, а не на заседании Центрального комитета."}],"explanation":"Центральный комитет избирает нового руководителя вместо Живкова. Это партийное решение.","correctItemId":"opt-leader","sources":[{"id":"src.dem.bnt2019"},{"id":"src.dem.dineva2019"},{"id":"src.dem.gazette1991"},{"id":"src.dem.ipu1990"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":4.148083333333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"ru_RU-dmitri-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.ru.democracy-1989.democracy-1989.a1-party","duration":4.267,"src":"/audio/ru/democracy-1989/a1-party.c006e135.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.dem.bnt2019"},{"id":"src.dem.dineva2019"},{"id":"src.dem.gazette1991"},{"id":"src.dem.ipu1990"}]},{"id":"democracy-1989.a2-timeline","number":8,"kind":"activity","title":"Задание: расположите события по порядку","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.dem.timeline","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Расположите события, начиная с самого раннего.","sourceIds":["src.dem.eko1989","src.dem.bnt2019","src.dem.mihaylova2022","src.dem.ipu1990"],"items":[{"id":"ev-petition","label":"Передача подписей"},{"id":"ev-party","label":"Смена партийного руководителя"},{"id":"ev-talks","label":"Подготовительные переговоры"},{"id":"ev-vote","label":"Выборы Великого народного собрания"}],"explanation":"Передача подписей предшествует заседанию Центрального комитета. Переговоры проходят следующей зимой, а выборы — в июне.","correctOrderIds":["ev-petition","ev-party","ev-talks","ev-vote"],"sources":[{"id":"src.dem.eko1989"},{"id":"src.dem.bnt2019"},{"id":"src.dem.mihaylova2022"},{"id":"src.dem.ipu1990"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.05675,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"ru_RU-dmitri-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.ru.democracy-1989.democracy-1989.a2-timeline","duration":3.157,"src":"/audio/ru/democracy-1989/a2-timeline.1453f571.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.dem.eko1989"},{"id":"src.dem.bnt2019"},{"id":"src.dem.mihaylova2022"},{"id":"src.dem.ipu1990"}]},{"id":"democracy-1989.a3-matching","number":9,"kind":"activity","title":"Задание: кто что делает","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.dem.matching","kind":"matching","prompt":"Соедините участников с их действиями из рассказа.","sourceIds":["src.dem.eko1989","src.dem.roundtable-peace","src.dem.gazette1991"],"items":[{"id":"m-eco","label":"Экогласность","pairedLabel":"Собирает подписи в защиту воды"},{"id":"m-table","label":"Участники Круглого стола","pairedLabel":"Договариваются о ненасильственных методах"},{"id":"m-assembly","label":"Великое народное собрание","pairedLabel":"Принимает конституцию в 1991 году"}],"explanation":"Сбор подписей — гражданское действие. Круглый стол — переговоры между политическими силами. Великое народное собрание принимает основной закон.","sources":[{"id":"src.dem.eko1989"},{"id":"src.dem.roundtable-peace"},{"id":"src.dem.gazette1991"}],"columns":["Элемент","Описание"]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.172875,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"ru_RU-dmitri-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.ru.democracy-1989.democracy-1989.a3-matching","duration":3.285,"src":"/audio/ru/democracy-1989/a3-matching.0b1197f2.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.dem.eko1989"},{"id":"src.dem.roundtable-peace"},{"id":"src.dem.gazette1991"}]}],"minutes":4,"sources":[{"year":2019,"url":"https://bntnews.bg/bg/a/30-godini-ot-nachaloto-na-prekhoda-kakvo-se-sluchi-na-10-noemvri-1989-g","institutionOrAuthor":"Вера Александрова; Българска национална телевизия","id":"src.dem.bnt2019","title":"Какво се случи на 10 ноември 1989 г.?","container":"БНТ, По света и у нас","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","authors":["Вера Александрова; Българска национална телевизия"],"accessed":"2026-10-28","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.constcourt.bg/bg/legal-info-92","institutionOrAuthor":"Конституционен съд на Република България","id":"src.dem.constitution-web","title":"Конституция на Република България","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","authors":["Конституционен съд на Република България"],"accessed":"2026-10-28","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg"},"container":""},{"year":2019,"url":"https://archiwum.ipn.gov.pl/download/1/333241/PiS33.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Detelina Dineva (Institute for Historical Studies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences)","id":"src.dem.dineva2019","title":"The Bulgarian 1989","container":"Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość","issue":"1 (33)","pages":"41–58","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","authors":["Detelina Dineva (Institute for Historical Studies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences)"],"accessed":"2026-10-28","isPdf":true},{"year":1989,"url":"https://www.ekoarhiv.parks.bg/dokumenti/priziv-na-ekoglasnost-sled-poboya-na-kristal-ot-26101989-i-obyavyavane-na-shestvie-za","institutionOrAuthor":"Независимо сдружение Екогласност; Асоциация на парковете в България (archival custodian)","id":"src.dem.eko1989","title":"Призив на Екогласност след побоя на Кристал от 26.10. и обявяване на шествие за 03.11.","container":"Архиви за природа","pages":"1 leaf","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","authors":["Независимо сдружение Екогласност; Асоциация на парковете в България (archival custodian)"],"accessed":"2026-10-28","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":1991,"url":"https://www.parliament.bg/pub/costitution/71/DV/56_1991.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Седмо Велико народно събрание; Николай Тодоров (publication order)","id":"src.dem.gazette1991","title":"Конституция на Република България; Разпореждане от 12 юли г. за обнародване","container":"Държавен вестник","issue":"56","pages":"1–16 (whole issue; constitution at beginning)","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","authors":["Седмо Велико народно събрание; Николай Тодоров (publication order)"],"accessed":"2026-10-28","isPdf":true,"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":1991,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-117-46-1084-1-Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Bulgaria.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"7th Grand National Assembly of Bulgaria","id":"src.dem.img.constitution-cover","title":"BASA-117-46-1084-1-Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria.jpg","container":"Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons","pages":"leaf 1","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","authors":["7th Grand National Assembly of Bulgaria"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"},{"year":1991,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-117-46-1084-108-Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Bulgaria.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"7th Grand National Assembly of Bulgaria","id":"src.dem.img.constitution-signatures","title":"BASA-117-46-1084-108-Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria.jpg","container":"Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons","pages":"leaf 108","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","authors":["7th Grand National Assembly of Bulgaria"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"},{"year":1990,"url":"https://data.ipu.org/election-summary/HTML/2045_90.htm","institutionOrAuthor":"Inter-Parliamentary Union","id":"src.dem.ipu1990","title":"BULGARIA: Parliamentary elections held in","container":"IPU historical election archive","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","authors":["Inter-Parliamentary Union"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"},{"year":2022,"url":"https://ojs.nbu.bg/index.php/YLD/article/download/868/867/2730","institutionOrAuthor":"Екатерина Михайлова","id":"src.dem.mihaylova2022","title":"Парламентарният правилник на седмото Велико народно събрание","container":"Годишник на департамент „Право“ на НБУ","volume":"11","issue":"12","pages":"74–89","doi":"10.33919/yldnbu.22.11.3","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","authors":["Екатерина Михайлова"],"accessed":"2026-10-28","isPdf":true,"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":1990,"url":"https://www.omda.bg/public/bulg/k_masa/dokumenti_round_table/agreement_miren_prehod.htm","institutionOrAuthor":"Участници в Националната кръгла маса; Александър Лилов и Желю Желев (co-chairs)","id":"src.dem.roundtable-peace","title":"Национално споразумение за гарантиране на мирното развитие на прехода към демократична политическа система","container":"OMDA, Кръгла маса: Документи","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","authors":["Участници в Националната кръгла маса; Александър Лилов и Желю Желев (co-chairs)"],"accessed":"2026-10-28","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}}],"credits":[{"id":"asset.dem.bell-cutout","src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-cutout-960.b48135fe.webp","alt":"Вырезанный фрагмент с удалённым фоном. Металлический колокольчик на украшенном основании за стеклом.","w":2214,"h":2259,"caption":"","credit":"Biser Todorov · CC BY 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Biser Todorov; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY 4.0. A museum photograph of a parliamentary bell. The photograph’s catalogue associates it with the declaration of the people’s republic in 1946. Its use at the adoption of the constitution in 1991 has not been established. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Biser Todorov; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY 4.0. A museum photograph of a parliamentary bell. The photograph’s catalogue associates it with the declaration of the people’s republic in 1946. Its use at the adoption of the constitution in 1991 has not been established. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bell_of_bulgarian_parlament_1946.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"}},{"id":"asset.dem.parliament","src":"/media/asset-dem-parliament-960.44626f9e.webp","alt":"Светлый фасад Народного собрания в Софии.","w":1600,"h":767,"caption":"","credit":"Лорд Бъмбъри · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Лорд Бъмбъри; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. The National Assembly building in Sofia, 2 October 2016. A later view of the building, not evidence of its appearance or the people outside it in 1989. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Лорд Бъмбъри; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. The National Assembly building in Sofia, 2 October 2016. A later view of the building, not evidence of its appearance or the people outside it in 1989. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:National_Assembly_main_building,_Sofia,_October_2016_02.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"}},{"id":"asset.dem.zhivkov","src":"/media/asset-dem-zhivkov-960.051ea1bc.webp","alt":"Чёрно-белая фотография Живкова в очках перед микрофоном.","w":1600,"h":1223,"caption":"","kindLabel":"Фото","credit":"Неизвестный фотограф / Anefo · CC0 · Nationaal Archief / Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Archival photograph. Photo: Unknown photographer / Anefo; Nationaal Archief / Wikimedia Commons; CC0. Todor Zhivkov in an archival photograph from 1971. The photograph does not show the party meeting of 1989. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Archival photograph. Photo: Unknown photographer / Anefo; Nationaal Archief / Wikimedia Commons; CC0. Todor Zhivkov in an archival photograph from 1971. The photograph does not show the party meeting of 1989. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Todor_Zhivkov_,_eerste_secretaris_Communistische_Partij_en_president_van_Bulgari,_Bestanddeelnr_924-8077.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"}},{"id":"asset.dem.zhelev","src":"/media/asset-dem-zhelev-960.ce685995.webp","alt":"Желю Желев слева и Жак Сантер на синем фоне с жёлтыми звёздами.","w":1600,"h":1073,"caption":"","kindLabel":"Фото","credit":"Patrick Bombaert - European Commission · CC BY 4.0 · European Commission / Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 4.0","attribution":"Archival photograph. Photo: Patrick Bombaert - European Commission; European Commission / Wikimedia Commons; CC BY 4.0. Zhelyu Zhelev on the left with Jacques Santer, 26 March 1996. This is a later photograph of a Round Table participant, not a photograph of the negotiations. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Archival photograph. Photo: Patrick Bombaert - European Commission; European Commission / Wikimedia Commons; CC BY 4.0. Zhelyu Zhelev on the left with Jacques Santer, 26 March 1996. This is a later photograph of a Round Table participant, not a photograph of the negotiations. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zhelev,_Santer_1996.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"}},{"id":"asset.dem.mladenov","src":"/media/asset-dem-mladenov-960.892c8eae.webp","alt":"Двое мужчин в костюмах перед почётным караулом в аэропорту.","w":1600,"h":1062,"caption":"","kindLabel":"Фото","credit":"Bert Verhoeff  for  Anefo · CC0 · Nationaal Archief / Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Archival photograph. Photo: Bert Verhoeff / Anefo; Nationaal Archief / Wikimedia Commons; CC0. Petar Mladenov and Max van der Stoel in the Netherlands, 20 April 1976. Mladenov later replaced Zhivkov as party leader. This photograph does not show that change. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Archival photograph. Photo: Bert Verhoeff / Anefo; Nationaal Archief / Wikimedia Commons; CC0. Petar Mladenov and Max van der Stoel in the Netherlands, 20 April 1976. Mladenov later replaced Zhivkov as party leader. This photograph does not show that change. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgaarse_minister_buitenlandse_zaken_Petar_Mladenof_in_Nederland_gearriveerd_M,_Bestanddeelnr_928-5305.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"}},{"id":"asset.dem.constitution-cover","src":"/media/asset-dem-constitution-cover-647.f4ee4d98.webp","alt":"Лист с заглавием и преамбулой конституции.","w":647,"h":971,"caption":"","credit":"VII Великое народное собрание Болгарии · Public domain · Государственное агентство архивов Болгарии / Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Reproduction: 7th Grand National Assembly of Bulgaria; Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. The opening leaf of the 1991 constitution: title and preamble. Archival digital reproduction, Central State Archives, fonds 117, inventory 46, archival unit 1084, leaf 1. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Reproduction: 7th Grand National Assembly of Bulgaria; Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. The opening leaf of the 1991 constitution: title and preamble. Archival digital reproduction, Central State Archives, fonds 117, inventory 46, archival unit 1084, leaf 1. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-117-46-1084-1-Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Bulgaria.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-BulgarianGov","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"}},{"id":"asset.dem.constitution-signatures","src":"/media/asset-dem-constitution-signatures-717.930c8e05.webp","alt":"Лист с напечатанными именами и рукописными записями.","w":717,"h":982,"caption":"","credit":"VII Великое народное собрание Болгарии · Public domain · Государственное агентство архивов Болгарии / Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Reproduction: 7th Grand National Assembly of Bulgaria; Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. Archival leaf with names and signatures from the constitution vote on 12 July 1991. Central State Archives, fonds 117, inventory 46, archival unit 1084, leaf 108. This is not the Ecoglasnost petition. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Reproduction: 7th Grand National Assembly of Bulgaria; Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. Archival leaf with names and signatures from the constitution vote on 12 July 1991. Central State Archives, fonds 117, inventory 46, archival unit 1084, leaf 108. This is not the Ecoglasnost petition. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-117-46-1084-108-Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Bulgaria.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-BulgarianGov","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"}},{"id":"asset.dem.constitution-text","src":"/media/asset-dem-constitution-text-656.0108bab1.webp","alt":"Лист с машинописным текстом статей конституции.","w":656,"h":972,"caption":"","credit":"VII Великое народное собрание Болгарии · Public domain · Государственное агентство архивов Болгарии / Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Reproduction: 7th Grand National Assembly of Bulgaria; Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. Leaf 27 of the constitution: visible text includes Article 78 on convening parliamentary sessions. Archival reproduction, Central State Archives, fonds 117, inventory 46, archival unit 1084. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Reproduction: 7th Grand National Assembly of Bulgaria; Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. Leaf 27 of the constitution: visible text includes Article 78 on convening parliamentary sessions. Archival reproduction, Central State Archives, fonds 117, inventory 46, archival unit 1084. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-117-46-1084-27-Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Bulgaria.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-BulgarianGov","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"}},{"id":"asset.dem.bell","src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-960.ed128f95.webp","alt":"Металлический колокольчик на украшенном основании за стеклом.","w":2400,"h":1923,"caption":"","credit":"Biser Todorov · CC BY 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Biser Todorov; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY 4.0. A museum photograph of a parliamentary bell. The photograph’s catalogue associates it with the declaration of the people’s republic in 1946. Its use at the adoption of the constitution in 1991 has not been established. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Biser Todorov; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY 4.0. A museum photograph of a parliamentary bell. The photograph’s catalogue associates it with the declaration of the people’s republic in 1946. Its use at the adoption of the constitution in 1991 has not been established. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bell_of_bulgarian_parlament_1946.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"}},{"id":"map-relief","src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","thumb":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","alt":"Географический контекст без исторических границ","w":3072,"h":1987,"caption":"","kindLabel":"Географический контекст без исторических границ","visibleKind":"Географический контекст без исторических границ","credit":"Tom Patterson · Nathaniel Vaughn Kelso · Общественное достояние · Natural Earth","license":"Общественное достояние","attribution":"Tom Patterson · Nathaniel Vaughn Kelso","attributionParts":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/10m-raster-data/10m-gray-earth/","licenseUrl":"https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"}}],"places":[{"note":"Комплекс зданий, которым пользовалось руководство государства. Точка указана приблизительно и не обозначает зал заседаний.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.dem.boyana","name":"Комплекс «Бояна»","latitude":42.655278,"longitude":23.2675,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":700,"sourceIds":["src.dem.coordinates","src.dem.bnt2019"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"dem.boyana","url":"/ru/map/#dem.boyana"},{"note":"3 ноября 1989 года участники шествия передали петицию «Экогласности» в Народное собрание.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.dem.parliament","name":"Народное собрание, историческое здание","latitude":42.694444444444,"longitude":23.332777777778,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":70,"sourceIds":["src.dem.coordinates","src.dem.eko1989"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/ru/place/#bulgaria-national-assembly-building","slug":"dem.parliament","url":"/ru/map/#dem.parliament"}],"find":null,"next":[{"storyId":"story.stara-zagora-neolithic","title":"Дом после пожара","topic":"Неолитические жилища Стара-Загоры","eyebrow":"Неолитические жилища Стара-Загоры · Стара-Загора","url":"/ru/stories/stara-zagora-neolithic/","reason":"Узнайте, как люди жили и работали в другую эпоху.","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-szneo-vessel-cutout-391.5ff8f41e.avif","w":391}],"dominant":"#807265","h":349,"w":391,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-szneo-vessel-cutout-391.5ff8f41e.webp","w":391}],"src":"/media/asset-szneo-vessel-cutout-391.5ff8f41e.webp","id":"asset.szneo.vessel-cutout","alt":"Керамический сосуд в музее, выделенный из фотографии вместе с видимой частью подставки.","objectCaption":"Музейный сосуд","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Rossitza Ohridska-Olson · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Rossitza Ohridska-Olson, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0 Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Rossitza Ohridska-Olson, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0 Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NeolithicVessel_B%26W_1.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"},"minutes":4,"sceneCount":9},{"storyId":"story.georgi-ivanov-1979","title":"До орбиты, без стыковки","topic":"Георги Иванов","eyebrow":"Георги Иванов · Байконур","url":"/ru/stories/georgi-ivanov-1979/","reason":"","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-480.e61f7ab3.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-960.e61f7ab3.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-1600.e61f7ab3.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#66584e","h":1781,"w":1618,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-960.e61f7ab3.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-960.e61f7ab3.webp","id":"asset.cosmos.capsule-cutout","alt":"Спускаемый аппарат в музейной экспозиции, выделенный из фотографии.","objectCaption":"Капсула «Союза-33»","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Scroch · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Scroch / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Scroch / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Soyuz_33_descent_module.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},"minutes":4,"sceneCount":9},{"storyId":"story.madara-rider","title":"Всадник над тропой","topic":"Мадарский всадник","eyebrow":"Мадарский всадник · Мадара","url":"/ru/stories/madara-rider/","reason":"","image":{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-main-480.569987f2.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-main-960.569987f2.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-main-1600.569987f2.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-main-2400.569987f2.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#89847e","h":1600,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-main-960.569987f2.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-main-960.569987f2.webp","id":"asset.madara.relief.main","alt":"Всадник, собака позади коня и лев под его передними ногами; выше видны строки надписей.","objectCaption":"Мадарский всадник","caption":"Всадник, собака позади коня и лев под его передними ногами; выше видны строки надписей.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Diego Delso · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Diego Delso, [delso.photo](https://delso.photo), Wikimedia Commons, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Diego Delso, [delso.photo](https://delso.photo), Wikimedia Commons, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Caballero_de_Madara,_reserva_hist%C3%B3rico-arqueol%C3%B3gica_Nacional_de_Madara,_Bulgaria,_2016-05-27,_DD_38.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},"minutes":4,"sceneCount":9}],"people":[{"id":"person.max-van-der-stoel","name":"Макс ван дер Стул","url":"/ru/people/max-van-der-stoel/"},{"id":"person.jacques-santer","name":"Жак Сантер","url":"/ru/people/jacques-santer/"},{"id":"person.todor-zhivkov","name":"Тодор Живков","url":"/ru/people/todor-zhivkov/"},{"id":"person.petar-mladenov","name":"Пётр Младенов","url":"/ru/people/petar-mladenov/"},{"id":"person.zhelyu-zhelev","name":"Желю Желев","url":"/ru/people/zhelyu-zhelev/"}],"rulers":[],"status":"draft","fact":{"id":"fact.discover.democracy-1989","storyId":"story.democracy-1989","factId":"F01","text":"В октябре 1989 года «Экогласность» собирала подписи против отвода вод из Рилы.","sourceIds":["src.dem.eko1989"]},"collectionFind":{"number":59,"total":59,"title":"Музейный звонок","dateLabel":"Датировка не указана","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-cutout-480.b48135fe.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-cutout-960.b48135fe.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-cutout-1600.b48135fe.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#8d7a6d","h":2259,"w":2214,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-cutout-960.b48135fe.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-cutout-960.b48135fe.webp","id":"asset.dem.bell-cutout","alt":"Вырезанный фрагмент с удалённым фоном. Металлический колокольчик на украшенном основании за стеклом.","objectCaption":"Музейный звонок","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Biser Todorov · CC BY 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Biser Todorov; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY 4.0. A museum photograph of a parliamentary bell. The photograph’s catalogue associates it with the declaration of the people’s republic in 1946. Its use at the adoption of the constitution in 1991 has not been established. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Biser Todorov; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY 4.0. A museum photograph of a parliamentary bell. The photograph’s catalogue associates it with the declaration of the people’s republic in 1946. Its use at the adoption of the constitution in 1991 has not been established. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bell_of_bulgarian_parlament_1946.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"}},"ui":{"web.learnPromo":"Читайте эти истории на болгарском — изучайте язык","web.travelPromo":"Посетите это место — путеводитель по Болгарии","web.autoAdvance":"Автопереход к следующей сцене","web.repeatActivities":"Повторить задания","web.shortcuts":"Сочетания клавиш","web.sceneNavigation":"Предыдущая / следующая сцена","web.findCount":"Найдено {count} из {total}","web.resumeNarration":"Продолжить с {time}","web.activityLabel":"Задание","web.skippedActivities":"Задания · {count} — пройти","web.placesCount":"мест: {count}","web.moreAnswers":"Ещё ответы ниже","web.playerSceneOf":"Сцена {scene} из {total}: {title}","web.closeStory":"Закрыть историю","web.imageFit":"Показать всё изображение","web.activityOf":"Задание · {scene} из {total}","web.activityMoved":"Перемещено: позиция {scene} из {total}","web.activityIncomplete":"Соедините все пары","web.seekTen":"Назад / вперёд на 10 секунд","web.activityFromScene":"Из сцены {scene}","web.nextStory":"Следующая история","web.transcriptRevised":"текст уточнён","action.close":"Закрыть","action.next":"Далее","action.retry":"Повторить","activity.check":"Проверить","answer.correct":"Верно","answer.incorrect":"Неверно","audio.backTen":"Назад на 10 секунд","audio.pause":"Пауза","audio.play":"Включить рассказ","audio.seek":"Позиция озвучивания","audio.speed":"Скорость рассказа","audio.synthetic":"Синтезированный голос","audio.unavailable":"Аудио недоступно. Текст здесь.","bookmark.add":"Сохранить историю","bookmark.inSaved":"В сохранённых","bookmark.remove":"Убрать из сохранённого","bookmark.removed":"Закладка удалена","credit.title":"Изображения","discover.audioMinutes %lld":"%lld мин","discover.mapLabel":"Географический контекст без исторических границ","player.approximate":"Приблизительное место","player.back":"Назад","player.completed":"Новая находка в вашей коллекции","player.counter %lld %lld":"%1$lld / %2$lld","player.details %lld":"Детали (%lld)","player.explanation":"Почему так?","player.finish":"Завершить","player.firstCorrect":"✓ Верно с первой попытки","player.firstOther":"Первая попытка сохранена. Повтор — это практика.","player.interpretation":"Толкование","player.matchHint":"Коснитесь слова слева, затем значения справа. Коснитесь связанного элемента, чтобы разъединить пару.","player.moveDown":"Переместить вниз","player.moveUp":"Переместить вверх","player.nextDetail":"Следующая деталь","player.previousDetail":"Предыдущая деталь","player.related":"Связанные истории","player.scene %lld":"Часть %lld","player.sequenceHint":"Расставьте от самого древнего к самому новому","player.showAll":"Показать все","player.skip":"Пропустить","player.sources %lld":"Источники · %lld","player.summary %lld %lld":"Задания: %1$lld из %2$lld с первой попытки","player.unpair":"Разъединить пару","player.vitrine":"К находкам","sources.title":"Источники","story.listen":"Слушать","story.sceneCount %lld":{"one":"%lld сцена","few":"%lld сцены","many":"%lld сцен","other":"%lld сцен"},"story.start":"Начать","answer.chosen":"Выбранный ответ","answer.skipped":"Задание пропущено","answer.revealed":"Ответ показан","answer.correctOrder":"Правильный порядок","answer.correctPairs":"Правильные пары","answer.yours.correct":"Ваш ответ · верно","answer.yours.incorrect":"Ваш ответ · неверно","audio.stop":"Остановить прослушивание","Search.search.group.places":"Места","Atlas.zoomIn":"Приблизить","Atlas.zoomOut":"Отдалить"},"promos":{"learn":{"icon":"/media/promo/learn-160.webp","name":"Болгарский язык","url":"https://bulgaria.zydeno.com/ru/learn-bulgarian/"},"travel":{"icon":"/media/promo/travel-160.webp","name":"Путеводитель по Болгарии","url":"https://bulgaria.zydeno.com/ru/travel-guide-bulgaria/"}}}