{"version":2,"locale":"ru","id":"story.magura-cave","hasFind":true,"slug":"magura-cave","url":"/ru/stories/magura-cave/","topic":"Пещера Магура","title":"Краска из гуано летучих мышей, знаки времени","summary":"Тёмные фигуры из гуано летучих мышей, сцены, которые трактуют как охоту, и возможный календарь. Рассмотрим видимые формы и предложенные значения.","cover":{"title":"Краска из гуано летучих мышей, знаки времени","subtitle":"Рисунки пещеры Магура близ Рабиши","hook":"Календарь из помёта летучих мышей?","summary":"Тёмные фигуры из гуано летучих мышей, сцены, которые трактуют как охоту, и возможный календарь. Рассмотрим видимые формы и предложенные значения.","takeaway":"Рисунки — настоящие следы прошлого, но их значение ещё предстоит выяснить. Магура учит замечать разницу между «я вижу круг» и «это календарь»."},"sortYear":-3000,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.bronze","styleId":"bronze","sortOrder":7,"title":"Бронзовый век","dateLabel":"IV–II тыс. до н. э. · приблизительно","eraShort":"Бронзовый век","slug":"bronze","fill":"#7A5E4C","ink":"#F6EEEA","raised":"#6A5242","dark":"#705E51"},"epochId":"epoch.bronze","placeShort":"Рабиша","date":"Медный–бронзовый век","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-cutout-436.4443d7a3.avif","w":436}],"dominant":"#8c6d58","h":733,"w":436,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-cutout-436.4443d7a3.webp","w":436}],"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-cutout-436.4443d7a3.webp","id":"asset.mag.hunting-cutout","alt":"Выделенный силуэт из настенной росписи Магуры; это не переносной предмет.","objectCaption":"Нарисованная фигура","caption":"Композиция, которую трактуют как охоту и танец","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. A composition interpreted as hunting and dancing. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. A composition interpreted as hunting and dancing. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magura_cave_hunting_scene_1519.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"magura-cave.s1-guano","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Краска из пещеры","body":"На светлой стене нарисованы тёмные фигуры людей, животных и знаки. Краска сделана из гуано летучих мышей. Это скопившийся помёт летучих мышей. Следы сохранились до сих пор.\n\nМы в пещере Магура, близ села Рабиша в Видинской области. Сотни изображений покрывают часть пещеры. Мы не знаем имён художников, но можем рассмотреть то, что они оставили. Найдите фигуру с поднятыми руками. Затем найдите животное рядом с человеком в нижнем ряду. Что могут делать эти фигуры?","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-480.0266d1e6.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-960.0266d1e6.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-1600.0266d1e6.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-2400.0266d1e6.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#7e7468","h":1349,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-960.0266d1e6.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-960.0266d1e6.webp","id":"asset.mag.hunting","alt":"Тёмные фигуры людей и животных в два ряда на скале.","objectCaption":"Нарисованная фигура","caption":"Композиция, которую трактуют как охоту и танец","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. A composition interpreted as hunting and dancing. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. A composition interpreted as hunting and dancing. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magura_cave_hunting_scene_1519.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":25.17375,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"ru_RU-dmitri-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.ru.magura-cave.magura-cave.s1-guano","duration":25.301,"src":"/audio/ru/magura-cave/s1-guano.f8609488.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.mag.arca2014"},{"id":"src.mag.mitova2017"},{"id":"src.mag.unesco1984"},{"id":"src.mag.museum.cave"}]},{"id":"magura-cave.s2-dating","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Сколько лет рисункам?","body":"Рисункам тысячи лет. Исследователи предлагают разные датировки. В одном научном обзоре их относят к пятому–третьему тысячелетиям до н. э. Тысячелетие — это тысяча лет. Есть и предложения более ранних датировок. Нельзя отнести все фигуры к одной дате. Старое гуано и повторное нанесение рисунков могут затруднить проверку. Найденное жилище не позволяет датировать каждый рисунок. Сначала нужно доказать связь между ними.","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Примерный район входа. Точка не обозначает подземную галерею.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.mag.cave","name":"Вход в пещеру Магура","latitude":43.727842,"longitude":22.5826747,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":150,"sourceIds":["src.mag.osm","src.mag.wikidata.cave","src.mag.unesco1984"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/ru/places/magura-cave/","slug":"mag.cave","url":"/ru/map/#mag.cave"},{"note":"Ориентир для озера, а не место доступа к берегу.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.mag.lake","name":"Рабишское озеро","latitude":43.73888889,"longitude":22.585,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1200,"sourceIds":["src.mag.wikidata.lake","src.mag.museum.research"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/ru/places/lake-rabisha/","slug":"mag.lake","url":"/ru/map/#mag.lake"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-1536.8876519a.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-2048.4c826249.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-3072.8876519a.avif","w":3072}]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief-dark@3x.jpg?v=0941a59d06","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-1024.73ab39a9.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-1536.4f3ca147.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-2048.73ab39a9.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-3072.4f3ca147.avif","w":3072}]},"places":[{"note":"Примерный район входа. Точка не обозначает подземную галерею.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.mag.cave","name":"Вход в пещеру Магура","latitude":43.727842,"longitude":22.5826747,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":150,"sourceIds":["src.mag.osm","src.mag.wikidata.cave","src.mag.unesco1984"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/ru/places/magura-cave/","slug":"mag.cave","url":"/ru/map/#mag.cave","number":1,"x":13.53343,"y":23.50252,"inside":true,"viewX":16.76399070967742,"viewY":30.128714348387103},{"note":"Ориентир для озера, а не место доступа к берегу.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.mag.lake","name":"Рабишское озеро","latitude":43.73888889,"longitude":22.585,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1200,"sourceIds":["src.mag.wikidata.lake","src.mag.museum.research"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/ru/places/lake-rabisha/","slug":"mag.lake","url":"/ru/map/#mag.lake","number":2,"x":13.5625,"y":23.20699,"inside":true,"viewX":25.76399070967742,"viewY":36.128714348387106}],"extent":[0,0,1,1],"orientation":[{"name":"София","kind":"town","x":22.774,"y":50.826,"viewX":28.210374193548386,"viewY":65.15565290322583},{"name":"Пловдив","kind":"town","x":40.566,"y":65.549,"viewX":50.24949677419356,"viewY":84.02958903225807},{"name":"Варна","kind":"town","x":80.184,"y":37.187,"viewX":99.32469677419355,"viewY":47.67133483870968},{"name":"Бургас","kind":"town","x":74.532,"y":55.892,"viewX":92.32350967741935,"viewY":71.64993806451615},{"name":"Русе","kind":"town","x":55.821,"y":20.617,"viewX":69.14601290322581,"viewY":26.42966387096775},{"name":"Велико-Тырново","kind":"town","x":51.465,"y":40.853,"viewX":63.7501935483871,"viewY":52.370910322580656},{"name":"Плевен","kind":"town","x":38.834,"y":31.796,"viewX":48.104051612903234,"viewY":40.7604206451613},{"name":"Стара-Загора","kind":"town","x":51.681,"y":57.962,"viewX":64.01775483870968,"viewY":74.30354451612905},{"name":"Шумен","kind":"town","x":67.951,"y":35.671,"viewX":84.17156129032259,"viewY":45.7279206451613},{"name":"Видин","kind":"town","x":17.099,"y":16.308,"viewX":21.18069677419355,"viewY":20.905803870967745},{"name":"Благоевград","kind":"town","x":19.929,"y":68.531,"viewX":24.686245161290323,"viewY":87.85232064516131},{"name":"Хасково","kind":"town","x":50.694,"y":70.78,"viewX":62.79514838709679,"viewY":90.73539354838711},{"name":"Смолян","kind":"town","x":40.014,"y":80.031,"viewX":49.56572903225807,"viewY":102.59457870967745},{"name":"Сливен","kind":"town","x":60.286,"y":51.247,"viewX":74.67685161290323,"viewY":65.69534774193549},{"name":"Добрич","kind":"town","x":79.091,"y":27.65,"viewX":97.97078709677419,"viewY":35.445516129032264},{"name":"Перник","kind":"town","x":19.223,"y":53.257,"viewX":23.811716129032256,"viewY":68.27203806451614},{"name":"Ямбол","kind":"town","x":62.544,"y":56.432,"viewX":77.47385806451614,"viewY":72.34218322580647},{"name":"Пазарджик","kind":"town","x":35.42,"y":64.052,"viewX":43.87509677419355,"viewY":82.11053161290324},{"name":"Враца","kind":"town","x":25.661,"y":37.29,"viewX":31.786529032258066,"viewY":47.8033741935484},{"name":"Габрово","kind":"town","x":47.734,"y":46.177,"viewX":59.12856774193549,"viewY":59.19593483870968},{"name":"Кырджали","kind":"town","x":48.471,"y":78.573,"viewX":60.04149677419355,"viewY":100.72551677419357},{"name":"Кюстендил","kind":"town","x":14.889,"y":61.673,"viewX":18.443148387096777,"viewY":79.06080709677421},{"name":"Монтана","kind":"town","x":21.563,"y":31.916,"viewX":26.710296774193548,"viewY":40.914252903225815},{"name":"Ловеч","kind":"town","x":40.178,"y":39.23,"viewX":49.76887741935484,"viewY":50.29032903225807},{"name":"Силистра","kind":"town","x":72.008,"y":13.056,"viewX":89.1970064516129,"viewY":16.736949677419354},{"name":"Тырговиште","kind":"town","x":63.402,"y":36.202,"viewX":78.53667096774194,"viewY":46.40862838709678},{"name":"Разград","kind":"town","x":62.709,"y":28.698,"viewX":77.67824516129032,"viewY":36.78898451612904},{"name":"Казанлык","kind":"town","x":48.661,"y":52.884,"viewX":60.27685161290323,"viewY":67.79387612903227},{"name":"Дунай","kind":"nature","x":46.384,"y":23.924,"viewX":57.45630967741936,"viewY":30.66902451612904},{"name":"Чёрное море","kind":"nature","x":86.25,"y":45.496,"viewX":106.83870967741937,"viewY":58.322936774193565},{"name":"Стара-Планина","kind":"nature","x":41.25,"y":49.45,"viewX":51.09677419354839,"viewY":63.39170967741937},{"name":"Рила","kind":"nature","x":25.625,"y":65.69,"viewX":31.741935483870964,"viewY":84.21034193548388},{"name":"Пирин","kind":"nature","x":24.125,"y":75.565,"viewX":29.883870967741938,"viewY":96.86945483870969},{"name":"Родопы","kind":"nature","x":38.75,"y":79.447,"viewX":48.00000000000001,"viewY":101.84592838709679},{"name":"Странджа","kind":"nature","x":76.25,"y":67.774,"viewX":94.45161290322581,"viewY":86.88189548387099}],"crop":{"sx":0.8072916666666666,"sy":0.7800704579768494,"x":0,"y":0},"credit":{"id":"map-relief"}},"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":22.991083333333332,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"ru_RU-dmitri-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.ru.magura-cave.magura-cave.s2-dating","duration":23.083,"src":"/audio/ru/magura-cave/s2-dating.a9e6d82a.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.mag.mitova2017"},{"id":"src.mag.antic2020"},{"id":"src.mag.tourism"},{"id":"src.mag.arca2014"},{"id":"src.mag.unesco1984"}]},{"id":"magura-cave.s3-figures","number":3,"kind":"artifact","title":"Руки над головой","body":"В нижнем ряду видны человек и четвероногое животное. Выше расположены фигуры с руками над головой. Иногда руки образуют круг. Тела некоторых фигур похожи на два соединённых треугольника.\n\nИсследователи трактуют группы как охоту, танец или обряд. Обряд — это действие, которое люди повторяют в связи со своими верованиями. Но стена не сохранила объяснения художников. Мы не можем назвать праздник или этих людей. Сначала посмотрите на форму. Затем реши, что видно, а что мы добавляем как толкование.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-480.0266d1e6.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-960.0266d1e6.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-1600.0266d1e6.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-2400.0266d1e6.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#7e7468","h":1349,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-960.0266d1e6.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-960.0266d1e6.webp","id":"asset.mag.hunting","alt":"Тёмные фигуры людей и животных в два ряда на скале.","objectCaption":"Нарисованная фигура","caption":"Композиция, которую трактуют как охоту и танец","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. A composition interpreted as hunting and dancing. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. A composition interpreted as hunting and dancing. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magura_cave_hunting_scene_1519.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"hmag-person","x":0.369,"y":0.755,"title":"Фигура человека","body":"Фигура с раскинутыми руками в нижнем ряду. Название «охотник» отражает трактовку сцены.","sourceIds":["src.mag.arca2014","src.mag.photo.hunting"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"hmag-animal","x":0.488,"y":0.741,"title":"Четвероногое животное","body":"Рядом с фигурой человека изображено животное с четырьмя ногами. По этому силуэту нельзя точно определить его вид.","sourceIds":["src.mag.arca2014","src.mag.photo.hunting"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"hmag-raised","x":0.398,"y":0.251,"title":"Поднятые руки","body":"У верхней фигуры руки подняты над головой. Танец или обряд — возможная трактовка, а не сохранившийся рассказ художника.","sourceIds":["src.mag.arca2014","src.mag.photo.hunting"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":26.41604166666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"ru_RU-dmitri-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.ru.magura-cave.magura-cave.s3-figures","duration":26.539,"src":"/audio/ru/magura-cave/s3-figures.96bbb62b.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.mag.arca2014"},{"id":"src.mag.photo.hunting"},{"id":"src.mag.photo.figures"}]},{"id":"magura-cave.s4-calendar","number":4,"kind":"artifact","title":"Круг с лучами","body":"На другой стене изображён большой круг с лучами. Под ним чередуются тёмные и светлые квадраты. Вокруг расположены Т-образные знаки. Круг трактуют как солнце. Т-образные формы сравнивали с топорами, но это тоже не установлено.\n\nСогласно одному толкованию, композиция — календарь: знаки отмечают дни и праздники. Календарное значение — лишь предложенное толкование. Можно сосчитать пятна на фотографии. Но само по себе это не доказывает, как их считал художник. Что ещё вам понадобилось бы, чтобы принять календарное толкование?","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-calendar-480.ed7f21ce.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-calendar-960.ed7f21ce.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-calendar-1600.ed7f21ce.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-calendar-2400.ed7f21ce.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#7e6f5d","h":1349,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-calendar-960.ed7f21ce.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-mag-calendar-960.ed7f21ce.webp","id":"asset.mag.calendar","alt":"Тёмные круги с лучами, Т-образные знаки и ряд квадратов на светлой скале.","objectCaption":"Знаки, называемые «календарём»","caption":"Знаки, называемые «календарём»","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. The signs called a calendar. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. The signs called a calendar. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magura_cave_calendar_1528.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"hmag-rays","x":0.535,"y":0.565,"title":"Круг с лучами","body":"Круг с расходящимися наружу линиями. Его трактуют как солнечный знак.","sourceIds":["src.mag.arca2014","src.mag.photo.calendar"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"hmag-checks","x":0.489,"y":0.75,"title":"Ряд квадратов","body":"Чередующиеся тёмные и светлые клетки входят в календарную трактовку. Мы не знаем точно, как их считали.","sourceIds":["src.mag.arca2014","src.mag.photo.calendar"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"hmag-t","x":0.35,"y":0.471,"title":"Т-образный знак","body":"Форма видна отчётливо. 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