{"version":2,"locale":"ru","id":"story.nikopol-1396","hasFind":true,"slug":"nikopol-1396","url":"/ru/stories/nikopol-1396/","topic":"Никополь","title":"Почему поход остановился под Никополем?","summary":"Сигизмунд собирает союзников против османского наступления. Войско движется вдоль Дуная и достигает Видина и Никополя. Шлем той эпохи и рассказ пленника помогают проследить события.","cover":{"title":"Почему поход остановился под Никополем?","subtitle":"Сигизмунд, Баязид и битва 1396 года","hook":"Почему союзники проиграли под Никополем?","summary":"Сигизмунд собирает союзников против османского наступления. Войско движется вдоль Дуная и достигает Видина и Никополя. Шлем той эпохи и рассказ пленника помогают проследить события.","takeaway":"На наш взгляд, спор перед атакой показывает, как трудно союзникам действовать сообща. Поражение укрепляет османскую власть, но судьбу всех болгарских земель нельзя свести к одной дате."},"sortYear":1396,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.tsardom2","styleId":"tsardom2","sortOrder":3,"title":"Второе Болгарское царство","dateLabel":"1185–1396","eraShort":"Второе царство","slug":"tsardom2","fill":"#86554A","ink":"#F6EEEA","raised":"#754A41","dark":"#805B59"},"epochId":"epoch.tsardom2","placeShort":"Никополь","date":"1396","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-cutout-480.d422969e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-cutout-960.d422969e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-cutout-1205.d422969e.avif","w":1205}],"dominant":"#605650","h":1881,"w":1205,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-cutout-960.d422969e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-cutout-960.d422969e.webp","id":"asset.nik.helmet-cutout","alt":"Вырезанный фрагмент с удалённым фоном. Остроконечный стальной шлем с отверстием для лица и небольшими отверстиями на поверхности.","objectCaption":"Шлем бацинет","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Неизвестный итальянский мастер; фото: Метрополитен-музей. · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bascinet_MET_DP-12880-041x.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"},"scenes":[{"id":"nikopol-1396.s1-allies","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Сигизмунд собирает союзников","body":"В 1396 г. венгерский король Сигизмунд собирает войско против османов, подданных султана. Султан — титул их правителя. Прибывают французские рыцари. Рыцарь — воин из знати, людей с особыми правами. Обычно его обучают сражаться верхом. Жан де Невер ведёт бойцов из Бургундии, владения в Западной Европе. Не все они рыцари. Это крестовый поход: война за христианское дело, поддержанная папой римским. Однако цели участников различаются.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-sigismund-480.af78c3a8.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-sigismund-960.af78c3a8.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-sigismund-1067.af78c3a8.avif","w":1067}],"dominant":"#503316","h":1600,"w":1067,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-sigismund-960.af78c3a8.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-sigismund-960.af78c3a8.webp","id":"asset.nik.sigismund","alt":"Живописный портрет бородатого Сигизмунда в меховой шапке.","objectCaption":"Живописный портрет бородатого Сигизмунда в меховой шапке.","caption":"","kindLabel":"Рисунок","kind":"artwork","visibleKind":"Рисунок","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Неизвестный художник; ранее приписывался Пизанело. 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Wikimedia Commons. CC0. A later artistic likeness, about 1596–1600, not a portrait from life in 1396. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Aliprando Caprioli; digitisation: Biblioteca comunale di Trento. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. A later artistic likeness, about 1596–1600, not a portrait from life in 1396. 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После Видина войско достигает Никополя и осаждает его. Осадить крепость — значит окружить её и попытаться принудить к сдаче. Действуют на суше и на воде. Проходят дни, но город не сдаётся. 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Такой тип называется бацинет. Музей датирует его примерно 1375–1400 гг., временем похода. Предмет изготовлен в Италии. Заострённая вершина и отверстие для лица хорошо видны. На поверхности заметны маленькие отверстия. Шлем найден не под Никополем. Его нашли в 1840 г. в крепости Халкида на острове Эвбея, в современной Греции. Там обнаружили и другие доспехи — защитное снаряжение воинов. Мы не знаем, кто носил этот шлем.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-480.40c32881.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-1600.40c32881.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#999998","h":2400,"w":1903,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.webp","id":"asset.nik.helmet","alt":"Остроконечный стальной шлем с отверстием для лица и небольшими отверстиями на поверхности.","objectCaption":"Шлем бацинет","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Неизвестный итальянский мастер; фото: Метрополитен-музей. · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bascinet_MET_DP-12880-041x.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-helmet-point","x":0.52,"y":0.1,"title":"Остроконечная вершина","body":"Видна высокая заострённая вершина стального шлема. Музей датирует его примерно 1375–1400 гг.","sourceIds":["src.nik.met.bascinet","src.nik.image.helmet"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-helmet-face","x":0.31,"y":0.66,"title":"Отверстие для лица","body":"В представленном виде шлема отверстие оставляет лицо открытым.","sourceIds":["src.nik.image.helmet"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-helmet-holes","x":0.56,"y":0.53,"title":"Маленькие отверстия","body":"На стали есть маленькие отверстия. Причина появления каждого из них здесь не установлена.","sourceIds":["src.nik.image.helmet"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":27.70475,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"ru_RU-dmitri-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.ru.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.s3-helmet","duration":27.819,"src":"/audio/ru/nikopol-1396/s3-helmet.02058cdd.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.met.bascinet"},{"id":"src.nik.image.helmet"}]},{"id":"nikopol-1396.s4-battle","number":4,"kind":"narrative","title":"Жан настаивает на первой атаке","body":"В сентябре 1396 г. войска встречаются под Никополем. По словам Шильтбергера, Жан де Невер настаивает, чтобы его бойцы атаковали первыми. Король хочет, чтобы первыми выступили венгры, уже сражавшиеся с османами. Согласно этому рассказу, первые атакующие прорывают передовые силы, но затем оказываются в окружении. Сигизмунд продолжает бой с оставшимися силами. На стороне Баязида сражается и сербский правитель Стефан Лазаревич. Он вассал: признаёт власть более сильного правителя и обязан ему службой. Войско Баязида побеждает.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-480.40c32881.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-1600.40c32881.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#999998","h":2400,"w":1903,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.webp","id":"asset.nik.helmet","alt":"Остроконечный стальной шлем с отверстием для лица и небольшими отверстиями на поверхности.","objectCaption":"Шлем бацинет","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Неизвестный итальянский мастер; фото: Метрополитен-музей. · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bascinet_MET_DP-12880-041x.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-battle-miniature-480.1b887476.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-battle-miniature-960.1b887476.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-battle-miniature-1097.1b887476.avif","w":1097}],"dominant":"#7d7478","h":1600,"w":1097,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-battle-miniature-960.1b887476.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-battle-miniature-960.1b887476.webp","id":"asset.nik.battle-miniature","alt":"Миниатюра с вооружёнными всадниками, орудиями и укреплёнными зданиями.","objectCaption":"Миниатюра с вооружёнными всадниками, орудиями и укреплёнными зданиями.","caption":"","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Неизвестный османский художник; сканирование: Szilas, по Géza Fehér, Török miniatúrák (Будапеща: Corvina, 1978). · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unidentified Ottoman artist; scan: Szilas, from Géza Fehér, Török miniatúrák (Budapest: Corvina, 1978). 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Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Nicopolis.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":29.945458333333335,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"ru_RU-dmitri-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.ru.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.s4-battle","duration":30.037,"src":"/audio/ru/nikopol-1396/s4-battle.cee6f324.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"},{"id":"src.nik.celik2023"},{"id":"src.nik.dimitrov1998"},{"id":"src.nik.image.battle-miniature"}]},{"id":"nikopol-1396.a1-alliance","number":5,"kind":"activity","title":"Задание: союзники","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.nik.alliance","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Кто сражается на стороне Баязида?","sourceIds":["src.nik.celik2023","src.nik.schiltberger1879"],"items":[{"id":"opt-sigismund","label":"Сигизмунд, король Венгрии","whyWrong":"Сигизмунд возглавляет противостоящее войско, осаждающее Никополь."},{"id":"opt-stefan","label":"Стефан Лазаревич"},{"id":"opt-nevers","label":"Жан де Невер","whyWrong":"Жан де Невер ведёт бургундский отряд крестоносцев."}],"explanation":"Лазаревич — вассал Баязида и сражается с его войском. Христианин воюет на стороне султана. Из этого можно заключить, что одной религией союзы не объяснить.","correctItemId":"opt-stefan","sources":[{"id":"src.nik.celik2023"},{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":2.4414166666666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"ru_RU-dmitri-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.ru.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.a1-alliance","duration":2.56,"src":"/audio/ru/nikopol-1396/a1-alliance.917968fb.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.celik2023"},{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"}]},{"id":"nikopol-1396.s5-witness","number":6,"kind":"artifact","title":"Пленник, который рассказывает свою историю","body":"Иоганн Шильтбергер попадает в плен. Вернувшись в 1427 г., он рассказывает о пережитом. Показанный лист — начало более поздней рукописной копии. Рукописная копия — это текст, переписанный от руки. Это не записи, сделанные на поле боя. Рассказ участника важен, но не каждая его подробность точна. Мы не знаем точного числа бойцов.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-schiltberger-480.1f6bd018.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-schiltberger-960.1f6bd018.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-schiltberger-1159.1f6bd018.avif","w":1159}],"dominant":"#9f9d8d","h":1631,"w":1159,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-schiltberger-960.1f6bd018.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-schiltberger-960.1f6bd018.webp","id":"asset.nik.schiltberger","alt":"Рукописный лист с большой красной начальной буквой и строками тёмного текста.","objectCaption":"Рукописный лист с большой красной начальной буквой и строками тёмного текста.","caption":"","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Неизвестный переписчик; текст: Йохан Шилтбергер; оцифровка: Библиотека Гейдельбергского университета; обрезанная версия из Commons. · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Anonymous scribe; text: Johann Schiltberger; digitisation: Heidelberg University Library; crop as credited on Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Cod. Pal. germ. 216, folio 1r, Heidelberg University Library. A later manuscript copy, not a battlefield notebook. Cropped version from Commons. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Anonymous scribe; text: Johann Schiltberger; digitisation: Heidelberg University Library; crop as credited on Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Cod. Pal. germ. 216, folio 1r, Heidelberg University Library. A later manuscript copy, not a battlefield notebook. Cropped version from Commons. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod._Pal._germ._216_Schiltberger_Heidelberger_Handschrift_1r_cropped.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-witness-initial","x":0.15,"y":0.12,"title":"Начальная буква","body":"Большая красная буква отмечает начало рассказа в этой копии. Рукопись — книга, переписанная от руки.","sourceIds":["src.nik.image.schiltberger"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-witness-name","x":0.48,"y":0.07,"title":"Имя рассказчика","body":"В первой строке указано имя Иоганна Шильтбергера.","sourceIds":["src.nik.image.schiltberger","src.nik.schiltberger1879"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":19.461666666666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"ru_RU-dmitri-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.ru.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.s5-witness","duration":19.584,"src":"/audio/ru/nikopol-1396/s5-witness.0caf2deb.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"},{"id":"src.nik.barany2015"},{"id":"src.nik.image.schiltberger"}]},{"id":"nikopol-1396.a2-sequence","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Задание: что произошло раньше","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.nik.sequence","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Расставь события в порядке, описанном в рассказе.","sourceIds":["src.nik.schiltberger1879"],"items":[{"id":"ev-vidin","label":"Войско достигает Видина"},{"id":"ev-siege","label":"Крестоносцы осаждают Никополь"},{"id":"ev-battle","label":"Войско Баязида побеждает под Никополем"},{"id":"ev-return","label":"Возвращение Шильтбергера"}],"explanation":"На пути войска Видин находится перед Никополем. Когда приходит Баязид, осада уже идёт. Шильтбергер попадает в плен в битве и возвращается спустя годы.","correctOrderIds":["ev-vidin","ev-siege","ev-battle","ev-return"],"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.254125,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"ru_RU-dmitri-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.ru.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.a2-sequence","duration":3.371,"src":"/audio/ru/nikopol-1396/a2-sequence.d954fa29.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"}]},{"id":"nikopol-1396.s6-consequences","number":8,"kind":"narrative","title":"Сигизмунд спасается на корабле","body":"Сигизмунд спасается на корабле. Для многих других отступление заканчивается гибелью или пленом. Часть пленников убивают. Другие становятся рабами — теряют свободу и могут быть проданы. За освобождение некоторых знатных людей требуют деньги, называемые выкупом. Иван Срацимир тоже попадает в плен. 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