{"version":2,"locale":"ru","id":"story.ruse-railway-1866","hasFind":true,"slug":"ruse-railway-1866","url":"/ru/stories/ruse-railway-1866/","topic":"Русе–Варна","title":"От Дуная до моря","summary":"В 1866 г. железная дорога соединила Русе и Варну. Проследите путь по рельсам, прочитайте заводскую табличку и взгляни на город за вокзалом.","cover":{"title":"От Дуная до моря","subtitle":"Русе–Варна, 1866 год","hook":"Как поезд соединяет реку с морем?","summary":"В 1866 г. железная дорога соединила Русе и Варну. Проследите путь по рельсам, прочитайте заводскую табличку и взгляни на город за вокзалом.","takeaway":"Железная дорога соединяет речной и морской пути; современные нам предметы нужно рассматривать с учётом их собственных дат."},"sortYear":1866,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.revival","styleId":"revival","sortOrder":1,"title":"Возрождение и Освобождение","dateLabel":"XVIII–XIX века","eraShort":"Возрождение","slug":"revival","fill":"#B9A48E","ink":"#221616","raised":"#C4B29F","dark":"#77654D"},"epochId":"epoch.revival","placeShort":"Русе–Варна","date":"1866","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-rail-crest-cutout-480.61bb0c23.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-rail-crest-cutout-960.61bb0c23.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-rail-crest-cutout-1600.61bb0c23.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#817b76","h":1350,"w":2190,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-rail-crest-cutout-960.61bb0c23.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-rail-crest-cutout-960.61bb0c23.webp","id":"asset.rail.crest-cutout","alt":"Вырезанный фрагмент с удалённым фоном. Заводская табличка с датой 1911. Табличка на музейном вагоне: название производителя, Breslau и 1911.","objectCaption":"Заводская табличка","caption":"Табличка на музейном вагоне: название производителя, Breslau и 1911.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Adam Jones from Kelowna, BC, Canada · CC BY-SA 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 2.0","attribution":"Photo: Adam Jones from Kelowna, BC, Canada, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.0. Plate on a museum carriage: maker’s name, Breslau and 1911. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Adam Jones from Kelowna, BC, Canada, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.0. Plate on a museum carriage: maker’s name, Breslau and 1911. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crest_on_Breslau-Manufactured_Railway_Carriage_(1911)_-_National_Transport_Museum_-_Ruse_-_Bulgaria_(42347212964).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"ruse-railway-1866.s1-eight-hours","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Поезд от реки до моря","body":"Представьте, что стоишь на берегу Дуная в Русе. Ваша следующая цель — Чёрное море у Варны. В 1866 г. между городами открыли железную дорогу. По данным Болгарского телеграфного агентства, поездка на поезде занимала около восьми часов. Мы не знаем, столько ли длилась каждая поездка. Но теперь от речного берега до моря можно добраться по рельсам.\n\nЭто первая железная дорога на территории современной Болгарии. Тогда эти земли входили в Османскую империю.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-rail-locomotive-480.27997a9e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-rail-locomotive-960.27997a9e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-rail-locomotive-1600.27997a9e.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#7c7571","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-rail-locomotive-960.27997a9e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-rail-locomotive-960.27997a9e.webp","id":"asset.rail.locomotive","alt":"Локомотив № 148 в музее Русе. Музейный локомотив. Не установлено, тянул ли он первый поезд. Снимок 2018 года; год изготовления для этого рассказа не установлен.","objectCaption":"Музейный локомотив. Не установлено, тянул ли он первый поезд. Снимок 2018 года; год изготовления для этого рассказа не установлен.","caption":"Музейный локомотив. Не установлено, тянул ли он первый поезд. Снимок 2018 года; год изготовления для этого рассказа не установлен.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Adam Jones from Kelowna, BC, Canada · CC BY-SA 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 2.0","attribution":"Photo: Adam Jones from Kelowna, BC, Canada, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.0. Museum locomotive. It has not been established whether it pulled the first train. Photograph from 2018; its manufacture year is not established for this story. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Adam Jones from Kelowna, BC, Canada, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.0. Museum locomotive. It has not been established whether it pulled the first train. Photograph from 2018; its manufacture year is not established for this story. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1866_Locomotive_-_National_Transport_Museum_-_Ruse_-_Bulgaria_-_01_(28197509037).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":25.057666666666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"ru_RU-dmitri-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.ru.ruse-railway-1866.ruse-railway-1866.s1-eight-hours","duration":25.173,"src":"/audio/ru/ruse-railway-1866/s1-eight-hours.62efe0e9.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.rail.bta2026"},{"id":"src.rail.bdz.history"}]},{"id":"ruse-railway-1866.s2-river-to-sea","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Корабль, поезд, корабль","body":"Посмотрите на две точки на карте. Русе — речной портовый город. Варна открывает путь к Чёрному морю и Стамбулу. Рельсы соединяют два разных водных пути. Они составляют часть более длинного маршрута для людей и товаров из Центральной Европы.\n\nВесной 1867 г. железнодорожная компания договорилась о совместных перевозках с двумя пароходными обществами. Одно ходило по Дунаю. Другое, «Австрийский Ллойд», связывало Варну со Стамбулом. Пассажир пересаживался с одного транспорта на другой, но продолжал путь к своей цели.","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Приблизительное расположение города.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.rail.ruse","name":"Русе","latitude":43.844532,"longitude":25.953907,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":3000,"sourceIds":["src.rail.wikidata"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"rail.ruse","url":"/ru/map/#rail.ruse"},{"note":"Современный город. Некрополь и музей отмечены на карте отдельно.","precision":"exact","id":"place.varna.city","name":"Варна","latitude":43.211375000000004,"longitude":27.91108,"accuracy":"verified_point","sourceIds":["src.varna.city-coordinate","src.rail.wikidata"],"short":"Варна","guideUrl":null,"slug":"varna.city","url":"/ru/map/#varna.city"},{"note":"Музей находится в старом вокзале у Дуная. Точка показывает приблизительное расположение здания.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.rail.museum","name":"Старый вокзал — Музей транспорта","latitude":43.86066667,"longitude":25.96361111,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":40,"sourceIds":["src.rail.wikidata","src.rail.bta2026"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/ru/places/national-transport-museum/","slug":"rail.museum","url":"/ru/map/#rail.museum"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-1536.8876519a.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-2048.4c826249.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-3072.8876519a.avif","w":3072}]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief-dark@3x.jpg?v=0941a59d06","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-1024.73ab39a9.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-1536.4f3ca147.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-2048.73ab39a9.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-3072.4f3ca147.avif","w":3072}]},"places":[{"note":"Приблизительное расположение города.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.rail.ruse","name":"Русе","latitude":43.844532,"longitude":25.953907,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":3000,"sourceIds":["src.rail.wikidata"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"rail.ruse","url":"/ru/map/#rail.ruse","number":1,"x":55.67384,"y":20.37804,"inside":true,"viewX":45.09275664516129,"viewY":26.123332567741937},{"note":"Современный город. Некрополь и музей отмечены на карте отдельно.","precision":"exact","id":"place.varna.city","name":"Варна","latitude":43.211375000000004,"longitude":27.91108,"accuracy":"verified_point","sourceIds":["src.varna.city-coordinate","src.rail.wikidata"],"short":"Варна","guideUrl":null,"slug":"varna.city","url":"/ru/map/#varna.city","number":2,"x":80.1385,"y":37.2589,"inside":true,"viewX":75.39736774193547,"viewY":47.763506},{"note":"Музей находится в старом вокзале у Дуная. Точка показывает приблизительное расположение здания.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.rail.museum","name":"Старый вокзал — Музей транспорта","latitude":43.86066667,"longitude":25.96361111,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":40,"sourceIds":["src.rail.wikidata","src.rail.bta2026"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/ru/places/national-transport-museum/","slug":"rail.museum","url":"/ru/map/#rail.museum","number":3,"x":55.79514,"y":19.94553,"inside":true,"viewX":54.09275664516129,"viewY":32.12333256774194}],"extent":[0,0,1,1],"orientation":[{"name":"София","kind":"town","x":22.774,"y":50.826,"viewX":4.3394064516128985,"viewY":65.15565290322583},{"name":"Пловдив","kind":"town","x":40.566,"y":65.549,"viewX":26.378529032258065,"viewY":84.02958903225807},{"name":"Варна","kind":"town","x":80.184,"y":37.187,"viewX":75.45372903225807,"viewY":47.67133483870968},{"name":"Бургас","kind":"town","x":74.532,"y":55.892,"viewX":68.45254193548386,"viewY":71.64993806451615},{"name":"Русе","kind":"town","x":55.821,"y":20.617,"viewX":45.275045161290315,"viewY":26.42966387096775},{"name":"Велико-Тырново","kind":"town","x":51.465,"y":40.853,"viewX":39.879225806451615,"viewY":52.370910322580656},{"name":"Плевен","kind":"town","x":38.834,"y":31.796,"viewX":24.233083870967743,"viewY":40.7604206451613},{"name":"Стара-Загора","kind":"town","x":51.681,"y":57.962,"viewX":40.14678709677419,"viewY":74.30354451612905},{"name":"Шумен","kind":"town","x":67.951,"y":35.671,"viewX":60.30059354838709,"viewY":45.7279206451613},{"name":"Видин","kind":"town","x":17.099,"y":16.308,"viewX":-2.69027096774194,"viewY":20.905803870967745},{"name":"Благоевград","kind":"town","x":19.929,"y":68.531,"viewX":0.8152774193548336,"viewY":87.85232064516131},{"name":"Хасково","kind":"town","x":50.694,"y":70.78,"viewX":38.92418064516129,"viewY":90.73539354838711},{"name":"Смолян","kind":"town","x":40.014,"y":80.031,"viewX":25.69476129032258,"viewY":102.59457870967745},{"name":"Сливен","kind":"town","x":60.286,"y":51.247,"viewX":50.80588387096775,"viewY":65.69534774193549},{"name":"Добрич","kind":"town","x":79.091,"y":27.65,"viewX":74.09981935483869,"viewY":35.445516129032264},{"name":"Перник","kind":"town","x":19.223,"y":53.257,"viewX":-0.05925161290323235,"viewY":68.27203806451614},{"name":"Ямбол","kind":"town","x":62.544,"y":56.432,"viewX":53.60289032258064,"viewY":72.34218322580647},{"name":"Пазарджик","kind":"town","x":35.42,"y":64.052,"viewX":20.004129032258064,"viewY":82.11053161290324},{"name":"Враца","kind":"town","x":25.661,"y":37.29,"viewX":7.915561290322577,"viewY":47.8033741935484},{"name":"Габрово","kind":"town","x":47.734,"y":46.177,"viewX":35.2576,"viewY":59.19593483870968},{"name":"Кырджали","kind":"town","x":48.471,"y":78.573,"viewX":36.17052903225806,"viewY":100.72551677419357},{"name":"Кюстендил","kind":"town","x":14.889,"y":61.673,"viewX":-5.427819354838715,"viewY":79.06080709677421},{"name":"Монтана","kind":"town","x":21.563,"y":31.916,"viewX":2.8393290322580587,"viewY":40.914252903225815},{"name":"Ловеч","kind":"town","x":40.178,"y":39.23,"viewX":25.897909677419346,"viewY":50.29032903225807},{"name":"Силистра","kind":"town","x":72.008,"y":13.056,"viewX":65.32603870967742,"viewY":16.736949677419354},{"name":"Тырговиште","kind":"town","x":63.402,"y":36.202,"viewX":54.66570322580645,"viewY":46.40862838709678},{"name":"Разград","kind":"town","x":62.709,"y":28.698,"viewX":53.80727741935484,"viewY":36.78898451612904},{"name":"Казанлык","kind":"town","x":48.661,"y":52.884,"viewX":36.405883870967735,"viewY":67.79387612903227},{"name":"Дунай","kind":"nature","x":46.384,"y":23.924,"viewX":33.58534193548387,"viewY":30.66902451612904},{"name":"Чёрное море","kind":"nature","x":86.25,"y":45.496,"viewX":82.96774193548387,"viewY":58.322936774193565},{"name":"Стара-Планина","kind":"nature","x":41.25,"y":49.45,"viewX":27.2258064516129,"viewY":63.39170967741937},{"name":"Рила","kind":"nature","x":25.625,"y":65.69,"viewX":7.870967741935477,"viewY":84.21034193548388},{"name":"Пирин","kind":"nature","x":24.125,"y":75.565,"viewX":6.012903225806446,"viewY":96.86945483870969},{"name":"Родопы","kind":"nature","x":38.75,"y":79.447,"viewX":24.129032258064516,"viewY":101.84592838709679},{"name":"Странджа","kind":"nature","x":76.25,"y":67.774,"viewX":70.5806451612903,"viewY":86.88189548387099}],"crop":{"sx":0.8072916666666666,"sy":0.7800704579768494,"x":0.19270833333333337,"y":0},"credit":{"id":"map-relief"}},"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":29.086333333333332,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"ru_RU-dmitri-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.ru.ruse-railway-1866.ruse-railway-1866.s2-river-to-sea","duration":29.184,"src":"/audio/ru/ruse-railway-1866/s2-river-to-sea.2ab586ea.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.rail.roussev.railways"},{"id":"src.rail.university"},{"id":"src.rail.wikidata"}]},{"id":"ruse-railway-1866.s3-building-the-line","number":3,"kind":"narrative","title":"Рельсы идут навстречу друг другу","body":"Прежде пассажиров пришли строители. Работы начались в 1864 г. одновременно со стороны Русе и Варны. Османское правительство поручило строительство английской компании братьев Баркли. Концессия давала ей право построить и эксплуатировать линию по договору.\n\nУправитель Мидхат-паша проехал по линии и объявил её открытой в 1866 г. По данным русенского музея, регулярное движение поездов началось в 1867 г. В 1888 г. болгарское государство выкупило линию. Строительство, открытие и выкуп — разные события.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-rail-station-480.cc01a434.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-rail-station-960.cc01a434.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-rail-station-1600.cc01a434.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#848887","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-rail-station-960.cc01a434.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-rail-station-960.cc01a434.webp","id":"asset.rail.station","alt":"Старый вокзал в Русе. Сохранившееся здание вокзала, снятое в 2018 году; это не вид 1866 года.","objectCaption":"Сохранившееся здание вокзала, снятое в 2018 году; это не вид 1866 года.","caption":"Сохранившееся здание вокзала, снятое в 2018 году; это не вид 1866 года.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Adam Jones from Kelowna, BC, Canada · CC BY-SA 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 2.0","attribution":"Photo: Adam Jones from Kelowna, BC, Canada, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.0. Surviving station building photographed in 2018; not a view from 1866. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Adam Jones from Kelowna, BC, Canada, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.0. Surviving station building photographed in 2018; not a view from 1866. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:National_Transport_Museum_-_First_Railway_Station_in_Ottoman_Empire_-_Ruse_-_Bulgaria_-_01_(42347216054).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":32.639,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"ru_RU-dmitri-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.ru.ruse-railway-1866.ruse-railway-1866.s3-building-the-line","duration":32.768,"src":"/audio/ru/ruse-railway-1866/s3-building-the-line.63a74b7c.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.rail.bdz.history"},{"id":"src.rail.topal2015"},{"id":"src.rail.ruse.calendar"},{"id":"src.rail.bta2026"}]},{"id":"ruse-railway-1866.s4-reading-a-plate","number":4,"kind":"artifact","title":"Дата на металле","body":"Рассмотрите овальную табличку на музейном вагоне. По её краю идут буквы, а под ними стоит 1911. Это заводская табличка: знак, оставленный изготовителем. В верхней строке читается Breslauer Actien-Gesellschaft — часть названия фирмы. В конце нижней строки написано Breslau. Так в заводской надписи называется город.\n\nТабличка появилась позже открытия линии. Музей собирает предметы разных времён. Посмотрите на дату, прежде чем решить, к какому событию относится предмет.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-rail-crest-480.ee47eb2c.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-rail-crest-960.ee47eb2c.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-rail-crest-1600.ee47eb2c.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-rail-crest-2400.ee47eb2c.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#575956","h":1790,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-rail-crest-960.ee47eb2c.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-rail-crest-960.ee47eb2c.webp","id":"asset.rail.crest","alt":"Заводская табличка с датой 1911. Табличка на музейном вагоне: название производителя, Breslau и 1911.","objectCaption":"Заводская табличка","caption":"Табличка на музейном вагоне: название производителя, Breslau и 1911.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Adam Jones from Kelowna, BC, Canada · CC BY-SA 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 2.0","attribution":"Photo: Adam Jones from Kelowna, BC, Canada, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.0. Plate on a museum carriage: maker’s name, Breslau and 1911. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Adam Jones from Kelowna, BC, Canada, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.0. Plate on a museum carriage: maker’s name, Breslau and 1911. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crest_on_Breslau-Manufactured_Railway_Carriage_(1911)_-_National_Transport_Museum_-_Ruse_-_Bulgaria_(42347212964).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-rail-maker","x":0.52,"y":0.34,"title":"Производитель","body":"В верхней строке читается Breslauer Actien-Gesellschaft. Это часть названия фирмы.","sourceIds":["src.rail.photo.crest"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-rail-city","x":0.76,"y":0.57,"title":"Breslau","body":"В нижней изогнутой строке читается Breslau. Название приведено так, как оно написано на предмете.","sourceIds":["src.rail.photo.crest"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-rail-year","x":0.53,"y":0.7,"title":"1911","body":"Под буквами указан 1911 год. 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