{"version":2,"locale":"ru","id":"story.samuil-kleidion-1014","hasFind":true,"slug":"samuil-kleidion-1014","url":"/ru/stories/samuil-kleidion-1014/","topic":"Самуил","title":"Самуил: как продержаться почти сорок лет","summary":"Каменная надпись хранит имена одной семьи. На монете мы видим Василия II, противника Самуила. Поражение при Клейдионе не положило конец государству.","cover":{"title":"Самуил: как продержаться почти сорок лет","subtitle":"Самуил у озёр и в войне с Василием II","hook":"Как Самуилу удалось так долго продержаться?","summary":"Каменная надпись хранит имена одной семьи. На монете мы видим Василия II, противника Самуила. Поражение при Клейдионе не положило конец государству.","takeaway":"Вероятно, крепости и перемещение царского двора облегчали сопротивление. Византия также была занята внутренними войнами. После поражения в 1014 году болгарское государство сопротивлялось до 1018 года."},"sortYear":1014,"firstActivity":6,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.tsardom1","styleId":"tsardom1","sortOrder":5,"title":"Первое Болгарское царство","dateLabel":"681–1018","eraShort":"Первое царство","slug":"tsardom1","fill":"#A68A68","ink":"#221616","raised":"#B39C7F","dark":"#786546"},"epochId":"epoch.tsardom1","placeShort":"Ключ и Преспа","date":"1014","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-inscription-plate-cutout-480.d0246713.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-inscription-plate-cutout-960.d0246713.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-inscription-plate-cutout-1600.d0246713.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-inscription-plate-cutout-2400.d0246713.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#928983","h":1316,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-inscription-plate-cutout-960.d0246713.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-sam-inscription-plate-cutout-960.d0246713.webp","id":"asset.sam.inscription-plate-cutout","alt":"Вырезанный фрагмент с удалённым фоном. 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Преспа тоже царская резиденция, то есть место, где правитель живёт и управляет государством. Там возвышается большая церковь Святого Ахиллия.\n\nЦарский двор состоит из правителя и людей, которые помогают ему управлять. Вероятно, при опасности они могут перемещаться между этими центрами.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-ohrid-480.ba55119c.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-ohrid-960.ba55119c.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-ohrid-1600.ba55119c.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#5a5b5a","h":904,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-ohrid-960.ba55119c.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-sam-ohrid-960.ba55119c.webp","id":"asset.sam.ohrid","alt":"Современный вечерний вид укреплений с подсветкой и современным флагом. Он не воссоздаёт их облик при Самуиле.","objectCaption":"Современный вечерний вид укреплений с подсветкой и современным флагом. 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Самуил заказал короткую надпись рядом с ними в память об умерших близких: отце Николе, матери Рипсимии и брате Давиде. Надпись относится к 992–993 годам. Её нашли в селе Герман у Преспы.\n\nПеред нами изображение плиты, напечатанное в 1899 году. Сама плита — свидетельство времён Самуила.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-inscription-plate-480.65e2ed23.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-inscription-plate-960.65e2ed23.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-inscription-plate-1600.65e2ed23.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-inscription-plate-2400.65e2ed23.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#a7a7a7","h":1316,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-inscription-plate-960.65e2ed23.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-sam-inscription-plate-960.65e2ed23.webp","id":"asset.sam.inscription-plate","alt":"Историческая печатная репродукция плиты из Германа с тремя крестами и короткой надписью.","objectCaption":"Семейная надпись","caption":"","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Fyodor Uspensky · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Fyodor Uspensky / Wikimedia Commons. 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Византийский военачальник Никифор Ксифий обошёл оборону. Его воины напали на болгар с тыла. Болгарское войско было разбито; общепринятая дата битвы — 29 июля.\n\nСогласно более позднему рассказу, Василий приказал ослепить пленных воинов. Мы не знаем точно, сколько человек пострадало и всё ли произошло именно так. Согласно тому же позднему рассказу, сын Самуила Гаврил Радомир помог ему спастись.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-belasitsa-480.9934324e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-belasitsa-960.9934324e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-belasitsa-1600.9934324e.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#798a86","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-belasitsa-960.9934324e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-sam-belasitsa-960.9934324e.webp","id":"asset.sam.belasitsa","alt":"Современный вид гор со стороны Керкини. Он не показывает поле битвы или точный путь обхода.","objectCaption":"Современный вид гор со стороны Керкини. 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Война продолжалась. После Самуила правил его сын Гаврил Радомир. Затем его убил двоюродный брат Иван Владислав и занял престол.\n\nИван Владислав погиб при нападении на город Драч в 1018 году. После этого многие болгарские военачальники признали власть Василия. Первое Болгарское царство утратило независимость. Проигранная битва и конец государства — разные события.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-bitola-480.389b093b.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-bitola-960.389b093b.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-bitola-1600.389b093b.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#605c5a","h":900,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-bitola-960.389b093b.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-sam-bitola-960.389b093b.webp","id":"asset.sam.bitola","alt":"Битольская надпись на плите из двух крупных частей в музейной витрине. Её обычно связывают с Иваном Владиславом.","objectCaption":"Битольская надпись на плите из двух крупных частей в музейной витрине. 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На монете изображены два византийских императора. 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