{"version":2,"locale":"ru","id":"story.tsarevets-1393","hasFind":true,"slug":"tsarevets-1393","url":"/ru/stories/tsarevets-1393/","topic":"Царевец, Тырново","title":"Как пала столица в 1393 году?","summary":"Из дворца царь управлял государством. Патриарх, глава болгарской церкви, руководил церковной жизнью. Далее следуют рассказ о пленнике Балдуине, османская осада и изгнание Евфимия. Как отличить остатки построек от реконструкций и преданий?","cover":{"title":"Как пала столица в 1393 году?","subtitle":"Дворец и осада Тырнова","hook":"Что происходило за этими стенами?","summary":"Из дворца царь управлял государством. Патриарх, глава болгарской церкви, руководил церковной жизнью. Далее следуют рассказ о пленнике Балдуине, османская осада и изгнание Евфимия. Как отличить остатки построек от реконструкций и преданий?","takeaway":"Царевец был центром государственной и церковной власти. О его падении мы судим по разным свидетельствам; реконструкция и легенда не заменяют доказательств."},"sortYear":1393,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.tsardom2","styleId":"tsardom2","sortOrder":3,"title":"Второе Болгарское царство","dateLabel":"1185–1396","eraShort":"Второе царство","slug":"tsardom2","fill":"#86554A","ink":"#F6EEEA","raised":"#754A41","dark":"#805B59"},"epochId":"epoch.tsardom2","placeShort":"Тырново","date":"1393","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-cathedral-cutout-480.09402835.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-cathedral-cutout-960.09402835.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-cathedral-cutout-1112.09402835.avif","w":1112}],"dominant":"#7c6453","h":1268,"w":1112,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-cathedral-cutout-960.09402835.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-tsa-cathedral-cutout-960.09402835.webp","id":"asset.tsa.cathedral-cutout","alt":"Вырезанная фотография церкви, воссозданной в 1981 году; не сохранившееся средневековое здание.","objectCaption":"Восстановленный храм","caption":"Патриаршая церковь Вознесения Господня, восстановленная в 1981 году. На снимке реконструкция, а не сохранившееся средневековое здание.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Klearchos Kapoutsis from Santorini, Greece · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Photo: Klearchos Kapoutsis from Santorini, Greece, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. The patriarchal Church of the Ascension, reconstructed in 1981. The photograph shows a reconstruction, not an intact medieval building. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Klearchos Kapoutsis from Santorini, Greece, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. The patriarchal Church of the Ascension, reconstructed in 1981. The photograph shows a reconstruction, not an intact medieval building. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Patriarchal_Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Ascension_of_God_Veliko_Tarnovo_Klearchos_1.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"tsarevets-1393.s1-capital","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Дворец на Царевце","body":"В конце двенадцатого века Тырново стало столицей восстановленного Болгарского царства. Царство — это государство, которым управляет царь. Более двух столетий здесь решались вопросы власти и церкви. Но столица не ограничивалась одним замком. Она занимала несколько холмов и кварталы вдоль реки Янтры.\n\nНа Царевце возвышались дворец и здания главы церкви. На холме были и жилые дома. Высокие стены на фотографии частично восстановлены. Что они окружали?","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-panorama-480.b7570940.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-panorama-960.b7570940.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-panorama-1600.b7570940.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#929e97","h":456,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-panorama-960.b7570940.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-tsa-panorama-960.b7570940.webp","id":"asset.tsa.panorama","alt":"Зелёный холм с крепостными стенами и церковью на вершине.","objectCaption":"Общий вид холма; видимые высокие стены и церковь частично восстановлены.","caption":"Общий вид холма; видимые высокие стены и церковь частично восстановлены.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"cover","credit":"www.vacacionesbulgaria.com · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: www.vacacionesbulgaria.com, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Overview of the hill; the visible tall walls and church include reconstructions. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"www.vacacionesbulgaria.com, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Overview of the hill; the visible tall walls and church include reconstructions. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tsarevets-Panorama.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":24.790625,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"ru_RU-dmitri-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.ru.tsarevets-1393.tsarevets-1393.s1-capital","duration":24.917,"src":"/audio/ru/tsarevets-1393/s1-capital.0bc73b2b.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.tsa.museum"},{"id":"src.tsa.rabovyanov2020"},{"id":"src.tsa.photo.panorama"},{"id":"src.tsa.restoration"}]},{"id":"tsarevets-1393.s2-hill","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Река под стенами","body":"Янтра изгибается у подножия крутых склонов Царевца. По мнению музея, защищённое положение помогло холму стать центром управления. Однако оно не делало крепость неприступной.\n\nЦарский дворец внутри крепости имел собственную стену и башни. Во дворце находились зал с царским троном, жилые комнаты и канцелярии. В канцеляриях служащие готовили государственные документы. Выше располагались здания патриарха, главы болгарской церкви.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-river-480.c4e5fe95.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-river-960.c4e5fe95.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-river-1063.c4e5fe95.avif","w":1063}],"dominant":"#808279","h":1600,"w":1063,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-river-960.c4e5fe95.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-tsa-river-960.c4e5fe95.webp","id":"asset.tsa.river","alt":"Река под крутым зелёным склоном; над ней видны мост и крепостные стены.","objectCaption":"Современный снимок Янтры у подножия Царевца. Мост и восстановленные стены не передают облик 1393 года.","caption":"Современный снимок Янтры у подножия Царевца. Мост и восстановленные стены не передают облик 1393 года.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Андрей Романенко · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Андрей Романенко, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Present-day photograph of the Yantra below Tsarevets. The bridge and reconstructed masonry do not show the appearance in 1393. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Андрей Романенко, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Present-day photograph of the Yantra below Tsarevets. The bridge and reconstructed masonry do not show the appearance in 1393. 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Старое предание связывает её с пленником Балдуином; место заключения не доказано.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.tsa.baldwin-tower","name":"Башня Балдуина","latitude":43.08083333,"longitude":25.65305556,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":50,"sourceIds":["src.tsa.coords.q4850503","src.tsa.tower-tradition","src.tsa.undzhiyan2022"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"tsa.baldwin-tower","url":"/ru/map/#tsa.baldwin-tower"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-1536.8876519a.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-2048.4c826249.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-3072.8876519a.avif","w":3072}]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief-dark@3x.jpg?v=0941a59d06","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-1024.73ab39a9.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-1536.4f3ca147.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-2048.73ab39a9.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-3072.4f3ca147.avif","w":3072}]},"places":[{"note":"Холм с дворцом и зданиями патриарха, главы болгарской церкви.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.tsa.tsarevets","name":"Царевец, Тырново","latitude":43.0833,"longitude":25.6528,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1000,"sourceIds":["src.tsa.coords.q512147","src.tsa.museum"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/ru/places/tsarevets/","slug":"tsa.tsarevets","url":"/ru/map/#tsa.tsarevets","number":1,"x":51.91,"y":40.65217,"inside":true,"viewX":49.99802425806452,"viewY":49.958151216129025},{"note":"Восстановленная башня. 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у патриарха","body":"Патриарх — глава болгарской церкви. В его комплексе, группе связанных между собой зданий, были библиотека и скрипторий. В скриптории книги переписывали от руки.\n\nПосреди двора стоял храм Вознесения Господня. Мы видим восстановленную церковь. Сама фотография не может показать, какие книги хранились в библиотеке.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-cathedral-480.56bcc16e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-cathedral-960.56bcc16e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-cathedral-1600.56bcc16e.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-cathedral-2400.56bcc16e.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#818184","h":1800,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-cathedral-960.56bcc16e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-tsa-cathedral-960.56bcc16e.webp","id":"asset.tsa.cathedral","alt":"Восстановленная церковь с куполом и высокой колокольней справа.","objectCaption":"Восстановленный храм","caption":"Патриаршая церковь Вознесения Господня, восстановленная в 1981 году. На снимке реконструкция, а не сохранившееся средневековое здание.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Klearchos Kapoutsis from Santorini, Greece · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Photo: Klearchos Kapoutsis from Santorini, Greece, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. The patriarchal Church of the Ascension, reconstructed in 1981. The photograph shows a reconstruction, not an intact medieval building. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Klearchos Kapoutsis from Santorini, Greece, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. The patriarchal Church of the Ascension, reconstructed in 1981. The photograph shows a reconstruction, not an intact medieval building. 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Не доказано, что темница находилась именно здесь. Согласно опубликованному описанию, башня была восстановлена в тридцатые годы двадцатого века. Образцом послужила башня в Червене.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-baldwin-480.0cae2ff5.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-baldwin-960.0cae2ff5.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-baldwin-1600.0cae2ff5.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#6e6f70","h":2400,"w":1800,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-baldwin-960.0cae2ff5.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-tsa-baldwin-960.0cae2ff5.webp","id":"asset.tsa.baldwin","alt":"Восстановленная каменная башня с зубцами и тёмным проёмом высоко в стене.","objectCaption":"Согласно опубликованному описанию, башню Балдуина восстановили в 1930-х годах по образцу башни в Червене. Предание не доказывает, где находилась тюрьма.","caption":"Согласно опубликованному описанию, башню Балдуина восстановили в 1930-х годах по образцу башни в Червене. 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Предание связывает пленника с этой башней. Не доказано, что его темница находилась именно здесь.","correctItemId":"o-tradition","sources":[{"id":"src.tsa.tower-tradition"},{"id":"src.tsa.villehardouin1908"},{"id":"src.tsa.undzhiyan2022"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":2.3485416666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"ru_RU-dmitri-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.ru.tsarevets-1393.tsarevets-1393.a1-prison","duration":2.475,"src":"/audio/ru/tsarevets-1393/a1-prison.229f143d.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.tsa.tower-tradition"},{"id":"src.tsa.villehardouin1908"},{"id":"src.tsa.undzhiyan2022"}]},{"id":"tsarevets-1393.s5-siege","number":6,"kind":"narrative","title":"Османские войска осаждают Тырново","body":"Османские войска султана Баязида Первого осадили Тырново. Султан — титул османского правителя. При осаде войско окружает укреплённый город, чтобы взять его. Согласно общепринятому историческому изложению, царь Иван Шишман находился тогда в Никополе. В Тырнове остался патриарх Евфимий.\n\nГород был взят. Его падение обычно датируют 1393 годом. Фотография восстановленных ворот не показывает, как вошли воины. Что произошло с жителями после падения города?","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-gate-480.56d2b90e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-gate-960.56d2b90e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-gate-1600.56d2b90e.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#7b8279","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-gate-960.56d2b90e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-tsa-gate-960.56d2b90e.webp","id":"asset.tsa.gate","alt":"Каменные ворота с большой аркой и узким проёмом над ней.","objectCaption":"Современный снимок восстановленных ворот. Он не доказывает, где именно вошли османские войска.","caption":"Современный снимок восстановленных ворот. Он не доказывает, где именно вошли османские войска.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Открыть источник","full":"Полные сведения об авторстве"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Kandi · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Photo: Kandi, Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Present-day photograph of the reconstructed gate. It does not establish where Ottoman forces entered. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Kandi, Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Present-day photograph of the reconstructed gate. It does not establish where Ottoman forces entered. 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