{"version":2,"locale":"tr","id":"story.democracy-1989","hasFind":true,"slug":"democracy-1989","url":"/tr/stories/democracy-1989/","topic":"10 Kasım 1989","title":"10 Kasım: kuralları kim değiştirir?","summary":"Su için bir imza kampanyası, parti yönetiminde değişim, müzakereler ve seçimler. Bu anlatı 1989'dan 1991 Anayasası'na uzanan olayları izliyor.","cover":{"title":"10 Kasım: kuralları kim değiştirir?","subtitle":"Ekoglasnost'un imza kampanyasından 1991 Anayasası'na","hook":"1989–1991’de iktidar nasıl değişti?","summary":"Su için bir imza kampanyası, parti yönetiminde değişim, müzakereler ve seçimler. Bu anlatı 1989'dan 1991 Anayasası'na uzanan olayları izliyor.","takeaway":"Bu anlatıda lider değişimi ile kuralların değişimini birbirinden ayırıyoruz."},"sortYear":1989,"firstActivity":7,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.xx","styleId":"xx","sortOrder":0,"title":"20. yüzyıl","dateLabel":"1901–2000","eraShort":"20. yüzyıl","slug":"xx","fill":"#CFC9C4","ink":"#221616","raised":"#D6D1CD","dark":"#64615F"},"epochId":"epoch.xx","placeShort":"Sofya","date":"1989–1991","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-cutout-480.b48135fe.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-cutout-960.b48135fe.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-cutout-1600.b48135fe.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#8d7a6d","h":2259,"w":2214,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-cutout-960.b48135fe.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-cutout-960.b48135fe.webp","id":"asset.dem.bell-cutout","alt":"Kesilmiş ayrıntı; arka plan kaldırıldı. Cam arkasında, süslü bir kaide üzerinde metal bir zil.","objectCaption":"Müze zili","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Görseller","source":"Kaynağı aç","full":"Tam kaynak bilgisi"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Biser Todorov · CC BY 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Biser Todorov; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY 4.0. A museum photograph of a parliamentary bell. The photograph’s catalogue associates it with the declaration of the people’s republic in 1946. Its use at the adoption of the constitution in 1991 has not been established. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Biser Todorov; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY 4.0. A museum photograph of a parliamentary bell. The photograph’s catalogue associates it with the declaration of the people’s republic in 1946. Its use at the adoption of the constitution in 1991 has not been established. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bell_of_bulgarian_parlament_1946.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"democracy-1989.s1-signatures","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Su için imzalar","body":"1989 sonbaharında Sofya'da insanlar kâğıtlara imza atıyor. Bağımsız bir doğa koruma grubu olan Ekoglasnost, imza topluyor. Kampanya, Rila Dağı'ndan başka yerlere su aktarılması planlarına karşı. İmza kampanyası, yetkililere sunulan ortak bir yazılı taleptir.\n\nKristal Bahçesi'nde imzalar açıkça toplanıyor. 26 Ekim'de dönemin polisi olan milis, katılımcıları dövüyor ve gözaltına alıyor. Şiddetin daha önce de kurbanları olmuştu. Mayıs ayında Bulgaristan Türklerinin protestoları zor kullanılarak bastırılmış ve ölenler olmuştu.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-parliament-480.44626f9e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-parliament-960.44626f9e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-parliament-1600.44626f9e.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#6d7e8a","h":767,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-parliament-960.44626f9e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-dem-parliament-960.44626f9e.webp","id":"asset.dem.parliament","alt":"Sofya’daki Ulusal Meclis’in açık renkli cephesi.","objectCaption":"Sofya’daki Ulusal Meclis’in açık renkli cephesi.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Görseller","source":"Kaynağı aç","full":"Tam kaynak bilgisi"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Лорд Бъмбъри · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Лорд Бъмбъри; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. The National Assembly building in Sofia, 2 October 2016. A later view of the building, not evidence of its appearance or the people outside it in 1989. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Лорд Бъмбъри; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. The National Assembly building in Sofia, 2 October 2016. A later view of the building, not evidence of its appearance or the people outside it in 1989. 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Bu, belgeden bir alıntı değil, bir yorumdur. Haritada parlamento, talebin ulaştığı yeri gösteriyor. Diğer nokta, devlet yönetiminin kullandığı binalardan oluşan Boyana kompleksi. Bir hafta sonra parti yönetimi burada toplanıyor. Bunlar farklı yerler ve eylemlerdir.","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"3 Kasım 1989’da bir yürüyüş, Ekoglasnost’un imza dilekçesini Ulusal Meclis’e ulaştırdı.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.dem.parliament","name":"Ulusal Meclis, tarihî bina","latitude":42.694444444444,"longitude":23.332777777778,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":70,"sourceIds":["src.dem.coordinates","src.dem.eko1989"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/tr/place/#bulgaria-national-assembly-building","slug":"dem.parliament","url":"/tr/map/#dem.parliament"},{"note":"Devlet yönetiminin kullandığı bir bina kompleksi. 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Bu komite, Bulgaristan Komünist Partisi'nin yönetim organıdır. Jivkov, partinin en üst makamı olan genel sekreterlikten ayrılıyor. Yeni bir parti lideri seçiliyor.\n\nKarar, iktidardaki parti içinde alınıyor. Yurttaşlar tarafından yapılan bir seçim değil. Jivkov parti görevini 10 Kasım'da, devlet başkanlığı görevini ise 17 Kasım'da kaybediyor. Bize göre liderin değişmesi, tek başına yönetim kurallarını değiştirmez.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhivkov-480.051ea1bc.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhivkov-960.051ea1bc.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhivkov-1600.051ea1bc.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#8f8f8f","h":1223,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhivkov-960.051ea1bc.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhivkov-960.051ea1bc.webp","id":"asset.dem.zhivkov","alt":"Mikrofon önünde gözlük takan Jivkov’un siyah beyaz fotoğrafı.","objectCaption":"Mikrofon önünde gözlük takan Jivkov’un siyah beyaz fotoğrafı.","caption":"","kindLabel":"Fotoğraf","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Görseller","source":"Kaynağı aç","full":"Tam kaynak bilgisi"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Bilinmeyen fotoğrafçı / Anefo · CC0 · Nationaal Archief / Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Archival photograph. Photo: Unknown photographer / Anefo; Nationaal Archief / Wikimedia Commons; CC0. Todor Zhivkov in an archival photograph from 1971. The photograph does not show the party meeting of 1989. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Archival photograph. Photo: Unknown photographer / Anefo; Nationaal Archief / Wikimedia Commons; CC0. Todor Zhivkov in an archival photograph from 1971. The photograph does not show the party meeting of 1989. 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Bunlar iktidar partisi ile yönetimde değişiklik isteyen kuruluşlar arasındaki müzakerelerdir. Ortak oturumları 22 Ocak'ta başlıyor.\n\n12 Mart'ta katılımcılar şiddet kullanmamayı ve görüşerek uzlaşma aramayı vaat ediyor. Bu vaat nasıl hareket etmek istediklerini gösteriyor. Şiddetin ortadan kalktığını kanıtlamıyor.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhelev-480.ce685995.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhelev-960.ce685995.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhelev-1600.ce685995.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#293239","h":1073,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhelev-960.ce685995.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhelev-960.ce685995.webp","id":"asset.dem.zhelev","alt":"Solda Jelyu Jelev ve Jacques Santer, sarı yıldızlı mavi bir fonun önünde.","objectCaption":"Solda Jelyu Jelev ve Jacques Santer, sarı yıldızlı mavi bir fonun önünde.","caption":"","kindLabel":"Fotoğraf","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Görseller","source":"Kaynağı aç","full":"Tam kaynak bilgisi"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Patrick Bombaert - European Commission · CC BY 4.0 · European Commission / Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 4.0","attribution":"Archival photograph. 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Yuvarlak Masa siyasi güçler arasındaki bir müzakeredir. 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