{"version":2,"locale":"tr","id":"story.nikopol-1396","hasFind":true,"slug":"nikopol-1396","url":"/tr/stories/nikopol-1396/","topic":"Niğbolu","title":"Sefer neden Niğbolu'da durdu?","summary":"Sigismund, Osmanlı ilerleyişine karşı müttefikler toplar. Ordu Tuna boyunca Vidin'e ve Niğbolu'ya ulaşır. Dönemden bir miğfer ve bir esirin anlatısı olaylara ışık tutar.","cover":{"title":"Sefer neden Niğbolu'da durdu?","subtitle":"Sigismund, Bayezid ve 1396 savaşı","hook":"Müttefikler Niğbolu'da neden yenilir?","summary":"Sigismund, Osmanlı ilerleyişine karşı müttefikler toplar. Ordu Tuna boyunca Vidin'e ve Niğbolu'ya ulaşır. Dönemden bir miğfer ve bir esirin anlatısı olaylara ışık tutar.","takeaway":"Bize göre saldırı öncesindeki anlaşmazlık, müttefiklerin birlikte hareket etmesinin ne kadar zor olduğunu gösterir. Yenilgi Osmanlı hâkimiyetini güçlendirir, ancak bütün Bulgar topraklarının kaderini tek bir tarihe indirgemez."},"sortYear":1396,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.tsardom2","styleId":"tsardom2","sortOrder":3,"title":"İkinci Bulgar Çarlığı","dateLabel":"1185–1396","eraShort":"İkinci Çarlık","slug":"tsardom2","fill":"#86554A","ink":"#F6EEEA","raised":"#754A41","dark":"#805B59"},"epochId":"epoch.tsardom2","placeShort":"Niğbolu","date":"1396","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-cutout-480.d422969e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-cutout-960.d422969e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-cutout-1205.d422969e.avif","w":1205}],"dominant":"#605650","h":1881,"w":1205,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-cutout-960.d422969e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-cutout-960.d422969e.webp","id":"asset.nik.helmet-cutout","alt":"Kesilmiş ayrıntı; arka plan kaldırıldı. Yüz açıklığı ve yüzeyinde küçük delikler bulunan sivri çelik miğfer.","objectCaption":"Miğfer","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Görseller","source":"Kaynağı aç","full":"Tam kaynak bilgisi"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Bilinmeyen İtalyan usta; fotoğraf: Metropolitan Sanat Müzesi. · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bascinet_MET_DP-12880-041x.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"},"scenes":[{"id":"nikopol-1396.s1-allies","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Sigismund müttefik topluyor","body":"1396'da Macaristan kralı Sigismund, padişahın tebaası olan Osmanlılara karşı bir ordu toplar. Padişah, onların hükümdarının unvanıdır. Fransız şövalyeleri gelir. Şövalye, özel haklara sahip soylular arasından bir savaşçıdır. Genellikle at üstünde savaşmak için eğitim alır. Jean de Nevers, Batı Avrupa'da bir toprak olan Burgonya'dan savaşçılara komuta eder. Hepsi şövalye değildir. Bu bir Haçlı seferidir: Papa'nın desteklediği, Hristiyanlık uğruna yürütülen bir savaş. Ancak katılımcıların amaçları farklıdır.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-sigismund-480.af78c3a8.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-sigismund-960.af78c3a8.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-sigismund-1067.af78c3a8.avif","w":1067}],"dominant":"#503316","h":1600,"w":1067,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-sigismund-960.af78c3a8.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-sigismund-960.af78c3a8.webp","id":"asset.nik.sigismund","alt":"Kürk şapkalı, sakallı Sigismund’un boyalı portresi.","objectCaption":"Kürk şapkalı, sakallı Sigismund’un boyalı portresi.","caption":"","kindLabel":"Çizim","kind":"artwork","visibleKind":"Çizim","creditLabels":{"title":"Görseller","source":"Kaynağı aç","full":"Tam kaynak bilgisi"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Bilinmeyen sanatçı; önceden atfedilen Pisanello. Fotoğraf: Vassil. · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Anonymous painter (formerly attributed to Pisanello); photograph: Vassil. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Photograph of a fifteenth-century portrait; it does not show the king on the day of battle. The former attribution to Pisanello is uncertain. Processed image. Fifteenth-century painted portrait, photographed by Vassil.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Anonymous painter (formerly attributed to Pisanello); photograph: Vassil. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Photograph of a fifteenth-century portrait; it does not show the king on the day of battle. The former attribution to Pisanello is uncertain. Processed image. Fifteenth-century painted portrait, photographed by Vassil.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Emperor_Sigismund_23062013_1.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-bayezid-480.f374fb5e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-bayezid-960.f374fb5e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-bayezid-1217.f374fb5e.avif","w":1217}],"dominant":"#b9ad9a","h":1600,"w":1217,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-bayezid-960.f374fb5e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-bayezid-960.f374fb5e.webp","id":"asset.nik.bayezid","alt":"Sarıklı I. Bayezid’in gravür portresi.","objectCaption":"Sarıklı I. Bayezid’in gravür portresi.","caption":"","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Görseller","source":"Kaynağı aç","full":"Tam kaynak bilgisi"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Aliprando Caprioli; sayısallaştırma: Biblioteca comunale di Trento. · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Aliprando Caprioli; digitisation: Biblioteca comunale di Trento. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. A later artistic likeness, about 1596–1600, not a portrait from life in 1396. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Aliprando Caprioli; digitisation: Biblioteca comunale di Trento. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. A later artistic likeness, about 1596–1600, not a portrait from life in 1396. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bayezid_I,_sultano.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":35.86654166666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"tr_TR-fettah-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.tr.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.s1-allies","duration":35.968,"src":"/audio/tr/nikopol-1396/s1-allies.139fd212.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.celik2023"},{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"},{"id":"src.nik.met.knights"},{"id":"src.nik.image.sigismund"},{"id":"src.nik.image.bayezid"}]},{"id":"nikopol-1396.s2-danube-towns","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Vidin'den kuşatma altındaki Niğbolu'ya","body":"Ordunun yolunda Vidin, Niğbolu'dan önce gelir. Burayı Bulgar çarı İvan Sratsimir yönetir. Seferden önce Osmanlı hükümdarının üstünlüğünü tanır. Şimdi Sigismund'u destekler. Ordu Vidin'den sonra Niğbolu'ya ulaşır ve şehri kuşatır. Kuşatma, bir kaleyi çevreleyip teslim olmaya zorlamaya çalışmak demektir. Karadan ve sudan hareket ederler. Günler geçer, ama şehir düşmez. Sultan I. Bayezid ordusuyla yardıma gelir.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-danube-480.7604fd0d.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-danube-960.7604fd0d.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-danube-1600.7604fd0d.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#a3aaa9","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-danube-960.7604fd0d.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-danube-960.7604fd0d.webp","id":"asset.nik.danube","alt":"Niğbolu yakınlarında, Tuna’nın karla kaplı kıyısında bir tekne.","objectCaption":"Niğbolu yakınlarında, Tuna’nın karla kaplı kıyısında bir tekne.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Görseller","source":"Kaynağı aç","full":"Tam kaynak bilgisi"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Fotoğraf: Preslav; Commons'a aktarım: Dionysos1~commonswiki. · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Preslav (English Wikipedia uploader credited in Commons description); Commons transfer: Dionysos1~commonswiki. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. A modern photograph of the river, not a view of the battlefield in 1396. The boat is modern. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Preslav (English Wikipedia uploader credited in Commons description); Commons transfer: Dionysos1~commonswiki. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. A modern photograph of the river, not a view of the battlefield in 1396. The boat is modern. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nikopol-danube.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-vidin-480.60f75dfe.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-vidin-960.60f75dfe.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-vidin-1600.60f75dfe.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#91806f","h":1063,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-vidin-960.60f75dfe.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-vidin-960.60f75dfe.webp","id":"asset.nik.vidin","alt":"Taş kuleleri ve girişine uzanan köprüsüyle Baba Vida Kalesi.","objectCaption":"Taş kuleleri ve girişine uzanan köprüsüyle Baba Vida Kalesi.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Görseller","source":"Kaynağı aç","full":"Tam kaynak bilgisi"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Fotoğraf: Klearchos Kapoutsis. · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Klearchos Kapoutsis. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY 2.0. A modern photograph of the fortress. It does not establish which visible masonry dates from Sratsimir’s time, is later, or has been restored. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Klearchos Kapoutsis. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY 2.0. A modern photograph of the fortress. It does not establish which visible masonry dates from Sratsimir’s time, is later, or has been restored. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Baba_Vida_Klearchos_4.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-sratsimir-480.9ee3301f.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-sratsimir-960.9ee3301f.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-sratsimir-1166.9ee3301f.avif","w":1166}],"dominant":"#c4ac7e","h":1600,"w":1166,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-sratsimir-960.9ee3301f.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-sratsimir-960.9ee3301f.webp","id":"asset.nik.sratsimir","alt":"Taç ve uzun giysiler içindeki Çar Ivan Aleksandır ve oğullarını gösteren minyatür.","objectCaption":"Taç ve uzun giysiler içindeki Çar Ivan Aleksandır ve oğullarını gösteren minyatür.","caption":"","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Görseller","source":"Kaynağı aç","full":"Tam kaynak bilgisi"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Bilinmeyen Orta Çağ sanatçısı; kronik metni: Konstantinos Manasses; röprodüksiyon kaynağı Иван Дуйчев, Миниатюри на Манасиевата летопис (София: Български художник, 1962). · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unidentified medieval illuminator; text of chronicle: Constantine Manasses; book reproduction: Ivan Duichev, Miniatures from the Manasses Chronicle (Sofia: Bulgarski hudojnik, 1962). Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Medieval miniature of Ivan Alexander and his sons, including Ivan Sratsimir, according to the Commons description. Reproduction from a 1962 book; not an image of the battle. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unidentified medieval illuminator; text of chronicle: Constantine Manasses; book reproduction: Ivan Duichev, Miniatures from the Manasses Chronicle (Sofia: Bulgarski hudojnik, 1962). Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Medieval miniature of Ivan Alexander and his sons, including Ivan Sratsimir, according to the Commons description. Reproduction from a 1962 book; not an image of the battle. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:69-manasses-chronicle.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-nikopol-gate-480.d6e5b5f7.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-nikopol-gate-960.d6e5b5f7.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-nikopol-gate-1600.d6e5b5f7.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#7a847e","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-nikopol-gate-960.d6e5b5f7.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-nikopol-gate-960.d6e5b5f7.webp","id":"asset.nik.nikopol-gate","alt":"Girişinin önünde bir insan bulunan taş kapı ve duvarlar.","objectCaption":"Girişinin önünde bir insan bulunan taş kapı ve duvarlar.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Görseller","source":"Kaynağı aç","full":"Tam kaynak bilgisi"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Fotoğraf: Preslav. · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Preslav. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. A modern photograph of a gate and masonry, with a person outside. It does not prove this gate existed in 1396. The masonry’s date and restorations have not been established here. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Preslav. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. A modern photograph of a gate and masonry, with a person outside. It does not prove this gate existed in 1396. The masonry’s date and restorations have not been established here. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nikopolfortressgate.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Buda coğrafi bir konum işaretidir; belirlenmiş bir kamp yeri değildir.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.nik.buda","name":"Buda","latitude":47.466666666667,"longitude":19.05,"radiusMeters":8000,"sourceIds":["src.nik.coords.buda"],"accuracy":"approximate","guideUrl":null,"slug":"nik.buda","url":"/tr/map/#nik.buda"},{"note":"Yaklaşık konum; Orta Çağ sınırlarını göstermez.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.vid.vidin","name":"Vidin","latitude":43.98869,"longitude":22.874058,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":2000,"sourceIds":["src.vid.coords-vidin","src.bel.coords.vidin","src.nik.coords.vidin"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"vid.vidin","url":"/tr/map/#vid.vidin"},{"note":"Şehrin yaklaşık konumu; savaşın tam yeri değildir.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.vid.nikopol","name":"Niğbolu","latitude":43.698571,"longitude":24.892409,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":3000,"sourceIds":["src.vid.coords-nikopol","src.nik.coords.nikopol"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"vid.nikopol","url":"/tr/map/#vid.nikopol"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/story-7eeed0357a50b2a7.jpg?v=5df09e7728","w":2048,"h":1924,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/story-7eeed0357a50b2a7-dark.jpg?v=61c200dcdd","w":2048,"h":1924,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[]},"places":[{"note":"Buda coğrafi bir konum işaretidir; belirlenmiş bir kamp yeri değildir.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.nik.buda","name":"Buda","latitude":47.466666666667,"longitude":19.05,"radiusMeters":8000,"sourceIds":["src.nik.coords.buda"],"accuracy":"approximate","guideUrl":null,"slug":"nik.buda","url":"/tr/map/#nik.buda","number":1,"x":25.33268,"y":27.1168,"inside":true,"viewX":25.332680000000003,"viewY":13.609749593750001},{"note":"Yaklaşık konum; Orta Çağ sınırlarını göstermez.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.vid.vidin","name":"Vidin","latitude":43.98869,"longitude":22.874058,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":2000,"sourceIds":["src.vid.coords-vidin","src.bel.coords.vidin","src.nik.coords.vidin"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"vid.vidin","url":"/tr/map/#vid.vidin","number":2,"x":57.6239,"y":71.92064,"inside":true,"viewX":57.62389999999999,"viewY":80.95552159375},{"note":"Şehrin yaklaşık konumu; savaşın tam yeri değildir.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.vid.nikopol","name":"Niğbolu","latitude":43.698571,"longitude":24.892409,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":3000,"sourceIds":["src.vid.coords-nikopol","src.nik.coords.nikopol"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"vid.nikopol","url":"/tr/map/#vid.nikopol","number":3,"x":74.66732,"y":75.53626,"inside":true,"viewX":74.66732,"viewY":86.39025040624999}],"extent":[-0.6812499999999999,-1.3816227498174327,1.480301125,2.1505910336678666],"orientation":[{"name":"Sofya","kind":"town","x":61.406,"y":87.877,"viewX":61.40599999999999,"viewY":104.93992521874998},{"name":"Filibe","kind":"town","x":73.425,"y":94.723,"viewX":73.425,"viewY":115.23031896875},{"name":"Burgaz","kind":"town","x":96.371,"y":90.233,"viewX":96.371,"viewY":108.48128771875001},{"name":"Rusçuk","kind":"town","x":83.73,"y":73.831,"viewX":83.73,"viewY":83.82703146875},{"name":"Veliko Tırnovo","kind":"town","x":80.788,"y":83.24,"viewX":80.788,"viewY":97.96993459374997},{"name":"Plevne","kind":"town","x":72.255,"y":79.029,"viewX":72.255,"viewY":91.64027521874998},{"name":"Eski Zağra","kind":"town","x":80.934,"y":91.195,"viewX":80.934,"viewY":109.92729396874998},{"name":"Şumnu","kind":"town","x":91.925,"y":80.831,"viewX":91.925,"viewY":94.34890646875},{"name":"Vidin","kind":"town","x":57.572,"y":71.827,"viewX":57.572,"viewY":80.81476896874999},{"name":"Blagoevgrad","kind":"town","x":59.484,"y":96.11,"viewX":59.484,"viewY":117.31515334374998},{"name":"Hasköy","kind":"town","x":80.267,"y":97.156,"viewX":80.267,"viewY":118.88742209375},{"name":"İslimye","kind":"town","x":86.747,"y":88.073,"viewX":86.747,"viewY":105.23453771874998},{"name":"Dobriç","kind":"town","x":99.45,"y":77.101,"viewX":99.45,"viewY":88.74225021874999},{"name":"Pernik","kind":"town","x":59.007,"y":89.008,"viewX":59.007,"viewY":106.63995959374999},{"name":"Yanbolu","kind":"town","x":88.272,"y":90.484,"viewX":88.272,"viewY":108.85857209374998},{"name":"Pazarcık","kind":"town","x":69.949,"y":94.027,"viewX":69.949,"viewY":114.18414396875},{"name":"İvraca","kind":"town","x":63.356,"y":81.583,"viewX":63.356,"viewY":95.47925646874998},{"name":"Gabrovo","kind":"town","x":78.267,"y":85.716,"viewX":78.267,"viewY":101.69167209374999},{"name":"Köstendil","kind":"town","x":56.079,"y":92.921,"viewX":56.079,"viewY":112.52168771875},{"name":"Montana","kind":"town","x":60.587,"y":79.084,"viewX":60.587,"viewY":91.72294709375},{"name":"Lofça","kind":"town","x":73.162,"y":82.485,"viewX":73.162,"viewY":96.83507521874999},{"name":"Silistre","kind":"town","x":94.665,"y":70.315,"viewX":94.665,"viewY":78.54204396874998},{"name":"Eski Cuma","kind":"town","x":88.852,"y":81.078,"viewX":88.852,"viewY":94.72017834375},{"name":"Razgrad","kind":"town","x":88.383,"y":77.588,"viewX":88.383,"viewY":89.47427209374997},{"name":"Kazanlık","kind":"town","x":78.894,"y":88.834,"viewX":78.894,"viewY":106.37841584374999},{"name":"Tuna","kind":"nature","x":77.355,"y":75.368,"viewX":77.355,"viewY":86.13733459374998},{"name":"Balkan Dağları","kind":"nature","x":73.887,"y":87.237,"viewX":73.887,"viewY":103.97792521874997},{"name":"Rila","kind":"nature","x":63.332,"y":94.789,"viewX":63.332,"viewY":115.32952521874999},{"name":"Pirin","kind":"nature","x":62.318,"y":99.381,"viewX":62.318,"viewY":122.23187521874999},{"name":"Istranca","kind":"nature","x":97.531,"y":95.758,"viewX":97.531,"viewY":116.78605334374998}],"crop":{"sx":1,"sy":0.6652806652806653,"x":0,"y":0.18062496735966738},"credit":{"id":"map-relief"}},"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":26.880416666666665,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"tr_TR-fettah-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.tr.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.s2-danube-towns","duration":27.008,"src":"/audio/tr/nikopol-1396/s2-danube-towns.0d4429ec.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"},{"id":"src.nik.dimitrov1998"},{"id":"src.nik.coords.buda"},{"id":"src.nik.coords.vidin"},{"id":"src.nik.coords.nikopol"},{"id":"src.nik.image.danube"},{"id":"src.nik.image.vidin"},{"id":"src.nik.image.sratsimir"},{"id":"src.nik.image.nikopol-gate"}]},{"id":"nikopol-1396.s3-helmet","number":3,"kind":"artifact","title":"Sivri tepeli çelik miğfer","body":"Çelik miğfere bak. Bu türe basinet denir. Müze onu sefer dönemine, yaklaşık 1375–1400 yıllarına tarihler. Eser İtalyan yapımıdır. Sivri tepesi ve yüz açıklığı açıkça görülür. Yüzeyinde küçük delikler vardır. Bu, Niğbolu'da bulunmuş bir eser değildir. 1840'ta, bugünkü Yunanistan'da bulunan Eğriboz Adası'ndaki Halkis Kalesi'nde bulunmuştur. Orada savaşçıların koruyucu giysisi olan başka zırhlar da bulunmuştur. Onu kimin taktığını bilmiyoruz.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-480.40c32881.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-1600.40c32881.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#999998","h":2400,"w":1903,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.webp","id":"asset.nik.helmet","alt":"Yüz açıklığı ve yüzeyinde küçük delikler bulunan sivri çelik miğfer.","objectCaption":"Miğfer","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Görseller","source":"Kaynağı aç","full":"Tam kaynak bilgisi"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Bilinmeyen İtalyan usta; fotoğraf: Metropolitan Sanat Müzesi. · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bascinet_MET_DP-12880-041x.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-helmet-point","x":0.52,"y":0.1,"title":"Sivri tepe","body":"Çelik miğferin yüksek sivri tepesi görülür. Müze, miğferi yaklaşık 1375–1400’e tarihler.","sourceIds":["src.nik.met.bascinet","src.nik.image.helmet"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-helmet-face","x":0.31,"y":0.66,"title":"Yüz açıklığı","body":"Miğferin gösterilen hâlinde açıklık yüzü açıkta bırakır.","sourceIds":["src.nik.image.helmet"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-helmet-holes","x":0.56,"y":0.53,"title":"Küçük delikler","body":"Çelikte küçük delikler vardır. Her birinin nedeni burada belirlenmemiştir.","sourceIds":["src.nik.image.helmet"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":33.09175,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"tr_TR-fettah-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.tr.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.s3-helmet","duration":33.195,"src":"/audio/tr/nikopol-1396/s3-helmet.fba153e4.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.met.bascinet"},{"id":"src.nik.image.helmet"}]},{"id":"nikopol-1396.s4-battle","number":4,"kind":"narrative","title":"Jean ilk saldırıyı yapmakta ısrar ediyor","body":"Eylül 1396'da ordular Niğbolu yakınında karşılaşır. Schiltberger'e göre Jean de Nevers, ilk saldırıyı kendi savaşçılarının yapmasında ısrar eder. Kral ise daha önce Osmanlılarla savaşmış olan Macarların başlamasını ister. Bu anlatıda ilk saldıranlar ön kuvvetleri yarar, ancak ardından kuşatılır. Sigismund kalan kuvvetlerle savaşı sürdürür. Sırp hükümdarı Stefan Lazareviç de Bayezid'in yanında savaşır. O bir vasaldır: Daha güçlü bir hükümdarın üstünlüğünü tanır ve ona hizmet borçludur. Bayezid'in ordusu kazanır.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-480.40c32881.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-1600.40c32881.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#999998","h":2400,"w":1903,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.webp","id":"asset.nik.helmet","alt":"Yüz açıklığı ve yüzeyinde küçük delikler bulunan sivri çelik miğfer.","objectCaption":"Miğfer","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Görseller","source":"Kaynağı aç","full":"Tam kaynak bilgisi"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Bilinmeyen İtalyan usta; fotoğraf: Metropolitan Sanat Müzesi. · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bascinet_MET_DP-12880-041x.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-battle-miniature-480.1b887476.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-battle-miniature-960.1b887476.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-battle-miniature-1097.1b887476.avif","w":1097}],"dominant":"#7d7478","h":1600,"w":1097,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-battle-miniature-960.1b887476.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-battle-miniature-960.1b887476.webp","id":"asset.nik.battle-miniature","alt":"Silahlı atlılar, toplar ve tahkim edilmiş yapılar gösteren minyatür.","objectCaption":"Silahlı atlılar, toplar ve tahkim edilmiş yapılar gösteren minyatür.","caption":"","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Görseller","source":"Kaynağı aç","full":"Tam kaynak bilgisi"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Bilinmeyen Osmanlı sanatçısı; tarama: Szilas, kaynak Géza Fehér, Török miniatúrák (Будапеща: Corvina, 1978). · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unidentified Ottoman artist; scan: Szilas, from Géza Fehér, Török miniatúrák (Budapest: Corvina, 1978). Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Later Ottoman miniature presented on Commons as the Battle of Nicopolis. Commons lists Topkapı, Hazine 1523, folio 108b. Its identification and date still need a catalogue check. The guns and buildings do not establish the battle’s appearance in 1396. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unidentified Ottoman artist; scan: Szilas, from Géza Fehér, Török miniatúrák (Budapest: Corvina, 1978). Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Later Ottoman miniature presented on Commons as the Battle of Nicopolis. Commons lists Topkapı, Hazine 1523, folio 108b. Its identification and date still need a catalogue check. The guns and buildings do not establish the battle’s appearance in 1396. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Nicopolis.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":36.4935,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"tr_TR-fettah-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.tr.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.s4-battle","duration":36.608,"src":"/audio/tr/nikopol-1396/s4-battle.d76374aa.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"},{"id":"src.nik.celik2023"},{"id":"src.nik.dimitrov1998"},{"id":"src.nik.image.battle-miniature"}]},{"id":"nikopol-1396.a1-alliance","number":5,"kind":"activity","title":"Görev: ittifaklar","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.nik.alliance","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Bayezid'in tarafında kim savaşır?","sourceIds":["src.nik.celik2023","src.nik.schiltberger1879"],"items":[{"id":"opt-sigismund","label":"Macaristan kralı Sigismund","whyWrong":"Sigismund, Niğbolu'yu kuşatan karşı orduya komuta eder."},{"id":"opt-stefan","label":"Stefan Lazareviç"},{"id":"opt-nevers","label":"Jean de Nevers","whyWrong":"Jean de Nevers, Haçlılar arasındaki Burgonya birliğine komuta eder."}],"explanation":"Lazareviç, Bayezid'in vasalıdır ve onun ordusuyla savaşır. Bir Hristiyan, sultanın tarafında savaşır. Bundan, ittifakları yalnızca dinin açıklamadığı sonucunu çıkarabiliriz.","correctItemId":"opt-stefan","sources":[{"id":"src.nik.celik2023"},{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":2.8477916666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"tr_TR-fettah-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.tr.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.a1-alliance","duration":2.944,"src":"/audio/tr/nikopol-1396/a1-alliance.c8bca4fd.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.celik2023"},{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"}]},{"id":"nikopol-1396.s5-witness","number":6,"kind":"artifact","title":"Anlatan esir","body":"Johann Schiltberger esir düşer. 1427'de döndükten sonra yaşadıklarını anlatır. Gösterilen yaprak, daha sonraki bir el yazması kopyanın başlangıcıdır. El yazması kopya, elle çoğaltılmış metin demektir. Savaş alanında tutulmuş bir defter değildir. Bir katılımcının anlatısı önemlidir, ancak her ayrıntısı doğru değildir. Savaşçıların kesin sayısını bilmiyoruz.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-schiltberger-480.1f6bd018.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-schiltberger-960.1f6bd018.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-schiltberger-1159.1f6bd018.avif","w":1159}],"dominant":"#9f9d8d","h":1631,"w":1159,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-schiltberger-960.1f6bd018.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-schiltberger-960.1f6bd018.webp","id":"asset.nik.schiltberger","alt":"Büyük kırmızı bir başlangıç harfi ve koyu yazı satırları içeren el yazması yaprağı.","objectCaption":"Büyük kırmızı bir başlangıç harfi ve koyu yazı satırları içeren el yazması yaprağı.","caption":"","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Görseller","source":"Kaynağı aç","full":"Tam kaynak bilgisi"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Bilinmeyen müstensih; metin: Johann Schiltberger; sayısallaştırma: Heidelberg Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi; Commons'tan kırpılmış sürüm. · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Anonymous scribe; text: Johann Schiltberger; digitisation: Heidelberg University Library; crop as credited on Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Cod. Pal. germ. 216, folio 1r, Heidelberg University Library. A later manuscript copy, not a battlefield notebook. Cropped version from Commons. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Anonymous scribe; text: Johann Schiltberger; digitisation: Heidelberg University Library; crop as credited on Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Cod. Pal. germ. 216, folio 1r, Heidelberg University Library. A later manuscript copy, not a battlefield notebook. Cropped version from Commons. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod._Pal._germ._216_Schiltberger_Heidelberger_Handschrift_1r_cropped.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-witness-initial","x":0.15,"y":0.12,"title":"Başlangıç harfi","body":"Büyük kırmızı harf, bu kopyada anlatının başlangıcını gösterir. El yazması, elle kopyalanmış kitaptır.","sourceIds":["src.nik.image.schiltberger"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-witness-name","x":0.48,"y":0.07,"title":"Anlatıcının adı","body":"İlk satırda Johann Schiltberger’in adı yer alır.","sourceIds":["src.nik.image.schiltberger","src.nik.schiltberger1879"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":25.057666666666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"tr_TR-fettah-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.tr.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.s5-witness","duration":25.173,"src":"/audio/tr/nikopol-1396/s5-witness.882717d8.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"},{"id":"src.nik.barany2015"},{"id":"src.nik.image.schiltberger"}]},{"id":"nikopol-1396.a2-sequence","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Görev: hangisi daha önce","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.nik.sequence","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Olayları anlatıdaki sıraya göre diz.","sourceIds":["src.nik.schiltberger1879"],"items":[{"id":"ev-vidin","label":"Ordu Vidin'e ulaşır"},{"id":"ev-siege","label":"Haçlılar Niğbolu'yu kuşatır"},{"id":"ev-battle","label":"Bayezid'in ordusu Niğbolu yakınında kazanır"},{"id":"ev-return","label":"Schiltberger’in dönüşü"}],"explanation":"Ordunun yolunda Vidin, Niğbolu'dan önce gelir. Bayezid geldiğinde kuşatma zaten sürmektedir. Schiltberger savaşta esir düşer ve yıllar sonra döner.","correctOrderIds":["ev-vidin","ev-siege","ev-battle","ev-return"],"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.149625,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"tr_TR-fettah-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.tr.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.a2-sequence","duration":3.243,"src":"/audio/tr/nikopol-1396/a2-sequence.8287ff4c.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"}]},{"id":"nikopol-1396.s6-consequences","number":8,"kind":"narrative","title":"Sigismund gemiyle kurtuluyor","body":"Sigismund gemiyle kurtulur. Başka birçok kişi için geri çekiliş ölüm veya esaretle sonuçlanır. Esirlerin bir kısmı öldürülür. Diğerleri köle olur: Özgürlüklerini kaybederler ve satılabilirler. Bazı soyluların serbest bırakılması için fidye denen para istenir. İvan Sratsimir de esir düşer. Hangi yıl olduğu kesin değildir.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-danube-480.7604fd0d.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-danube-960.7604fd0d.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-danube-1600.7604fd0d.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#a3aaa9","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-danube-960.7604fd0d.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-danube-960.7604fd0d.webp","id":"asset.nik.danube","alt":"Niğbolu yakınlarında, Tuna’nın karla kaplı kıyısında bir tekne.","objectCaption":"Niğbolu yakınlarında, Tuna’nın karla kaplı kıyısında bir tekne.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Görseller","source":"Kaynağı aç","full":"Tam kaynak bilgisi"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Fotoğraf: Preslav; Commons'a aktarım: Dionysos1~commonswiki. · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Preslav (English Wikipedia uploader credited in Commons description); Commons transfer: Dionysos1~commonswiki. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. A modern photograph of the river, not a view of the battlefield in 1396. The boat is modern. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Preslav (English Wikipedia uploader credited in Commons description); Commons transfer: Dionysos1~commonswiki. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. A modern photograph of the river, not a view of the battlefield in 1396. The boat is modern. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nikopol-danube.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":21.922958333333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"tr_TR-fettah-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.tr.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.s6-consequences","duration":22.016,"src":"/audio/tr/nikopol-1396/s6-consequences.b27bed5d.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"},{"id":"src.nik.kacar2013"},{"id":"src.nik.dimitrov1998"},{"id":"src.nik.petrova2023"}]},{"id":"nikopol-1396.a3-matching","number":9,"kind":"activity","title":"Görev: kişiler ve rolleri","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.nik.matching","kind":"matching","prompt":"Her kişiyi rolüyle eşleştir.","sourceIds":["src.nik.celik2023","src.nik.dimitrov1998","src.nik.schiltberger1879"],"items":[{"id":"m-sigismund","label":"Sigismund","pairedLabel":"Macaristan kralı, sefere komuta eder"},{"id":"m-sratsimir","label":"İvan Sratsimir","pairedLabel":"Vidin'deki Bulgar hükümdarı"},{"id":"m-bayezid","label":"I. Bayezid","pairedLabel":"Sultan, ordusuyla Niğbolu'ya gelir"},{"id":"m-witness","label":"Johann Schiltberger","pairedLabel":"Esir düşen ve sonra anlatan katılımcı"}],"explanation":"Bunlar dört farklı roldür: sefer komutanı, Vidin hükümdarı, sultan ve katılımcı anlatıcı.","sources":[{"id":"src.nik.celik2023"},{"id":"src.nik.dimitrov1998"},{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"}],"columns":["Kişi","Rol"]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":2.47625,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"tr_TR-fettah-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.tr.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.a3-matching","duration":2.603,"src":"/audio/tr/nikopol-1396/a3-matching.958049d0.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.celik2023"},{"id":"src.nik.dimitrov1998"},{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"}]}],"minutes":4,"sources":[{"year":2015,"url":"https://real.mtak.hu/31675/1/BaranyCT4%20partir.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Attila Bárány","id":"src.nik.barany2015","title":"King Sigismund of Luxemburg and the preparations for the Hungarian crusading host of Nicopolis (1389–1396)","container":"Daniel Baloup and Manuel Sánchez Martínez (eds.), Partir en croisade à la fin du Moyen Âge. Financement et logistique. Croisades Tardives. Toulouse: Presses universitaires du Midi, Méridiennes","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","volume":"4","pages":"153–178","authors":["Attila Bárány"],"accessed":"2026-10-28","isPdf":true},{"year":2023,"url":"https://doi.org/10.2298/ZRVI2360219C","institutionOrAuthor":"Siren Çelik","id":"src.nik.celik2023","title":"The Crusade of Nicopolis and Its Aftermath: Views from Byzantine, French and Ottoman Sources","container":"Zbornik radova Vizantološkog instituta","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","volume":"60","issue":"1","pages":"219–246","doi":"10.2298/ZRVI2360219C","authors":["Siren Çelik"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193478","institutionOrAuthor":"Wikimedia contributors","id":"src.nik.coords.buda","title":"Buda","container":"Wikimedia geographic records","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","authors":["Wikimedia contributors"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q409102","institutionOrAuthor":"Wikimedia contributors","id":"src.nik.coords.nikopol","title":"Nikopol","container":"Wikimedia geographic records","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","authors":["Wikimedia contributors"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178531","institutionOrAuthor":"Wikimedia contributors","id":"src.nik.coords.vidin","title":"Vidin","container":"Wikimedia geographic records","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","authors":["Wikimedia contributors"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"},{"year":1998,"url":"https://promacedonia.org/hd/hd_10.htm","institutionOrAuthor":"Христо Димитров","id":"src.nik.dimitrov1998","title":"Българо-унгарски отношения през Средновековието","container":"София: Академично издателство „Проф. Марин Дринов“","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","pages":"243–247 (consulted passages)","authors":["Христо Димитров"],"accessed":"2026-10-28","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Nicopolis.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Unidentified Ottoman artist; scan: Szilas, from Géza Fehér, Török miniatúrák (Budapest: Corvina, 1978)","id":"src.nik.image.battle-miniature","title":"File:Battle of Nicopolis.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons file record","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","authors":["Unidentified Ottoman artist; scan: Szilas, from Géza Fehér, Török miniatúrák (Budapest: Corvina, 1978)"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bayezid_I,_sultano.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Aliprando Caprioli; digitisation: Biblioteca comunale di Trento","id":"src.nik.image.bayezid","title":"File:Bayezid I, sultano.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons file record","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","authors":["Aliprando Caprioli; digitisation: Biblioteca comunale di Trento"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"},{"year":2006,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nikopol-danube.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Preslav (English Wikipedia uploader credited in Commons description); Commons transfer: Dionysos1~commonswiki","id":"src.nik.image.danube","title":"File:Nikopol-danube.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons file record","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","authors":["Preslav (English Wikipedia uploader credited in Commons description); Commons transfer: Dionysos1~commonswiki"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bascinet_MET_DP-12880-041x.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art","id":"src.nik.image.helmet","title":"File:Bascinet MET DP-12880-041x.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons file record","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","authors":["Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"},{"year":2007,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nikopolfortressgate.JPG","institutionOrAuthor":"Preslav","id":"src.nik.image.nikopol-gate","title":"File:Nikopolfortressgate.JPG","container":"Wikimedia Commons file record","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","authors":["Preslav"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod._Pal._germ._216_Schiltberger_Heidelberger_Handschrift_1r_cropped.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Anonymous scribe; text: Johann Schiltberger; digitisation: Heidelberg University Library; crop as credited on Commons","id":"src.nik.image.schiltberger","title":"File:Cod. Pal. germ. 216 Schiltberger Heidelberger Handschrift 1r cropped.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons file record","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","authors":["Anonymous scribe; text: Johann Schiltberger; digitisation: Heidelberg University Library; crop as credited on Commons"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"},{"year":1433,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Emperor_Sigismund_23062013_1.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Anonymous painter (formerly attributed to Pisanello); photograph: Vassil","id":"src.nik.image.sigismund","title":"File:Kunsthistorisches Museum Emperor Sigismund 23062013 1.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons file record","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","authors":["Anonymous painter (formerly attributed to Pisanello); photograph: Vassil"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:69-manasses-chronicle.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Unidentified medieval illuminator; text of chronicle: Constantine Manasses; book reproduction: Ivan Duichev, Miniatures from the Manasses Chronicle (Sofia: Bulgarski hudojnik, 1962)","id":"src.nik.image.sratsimir","title":"File:69-manasses-chronicle.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons file record","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","authors":["Unidentified medieval illuminator; text of chronicle: Constantine Manasses; book reproduction: Ivan Duichev, Miniatures from the Manasses Chronicle (Sofia: Bulgarski hudojnik, 1962)"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"},{"year":2009,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Baba_Vida_Klearchos_4.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Klearchos Kapoutsis","id":"src.nik.image.vidin","title":"File:Baba Vida Klearchos 4.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons file record","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","authors":["Klearchos Kapoutsis"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"},{"year":2013,"url":"https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2013_num_91_4_8474","institutionOrAuthor":"Hilmi Kaçar; Jan Dumolyn","id":"src.nik.kacar2013","title":"The Battle of Nicopolis (1396), Burgundian Catastrophe and Ottoman Fait Divers","container":"Revue belge de philologie et d’histoire","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","volume":"91","issue":"4","pages":"905–934","doi":"10.3406/rbph.2013.8474","authors":["Hilmi Kaçar; Jan Dumolyn"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/22772","institutionOrAuthor":"The Metropolitan Museum of Art","id":"src.nik.met.bascinet","title":"Bascinet, Italian, ca. 1375–1400; accession 29.158.45","container":"The Met Collection","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","authors":["The Metropolitan Museum of Art"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"},{"year":2001,"url":"https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/feudalism-and-knights-in-medieval-europe","institutionOrAuthor":"Michael Norris; Department of Education, The Metropolitan Museum of Art","id":"src.nik.met.knights","title":"Feudalism and Knights in Medieval Europe","container":"Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","authors":["Michael Norris; Department of Education, The Metropolitan Museum of Art"],"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":2023,"url":"https://periodicals.karazin.ua/drinov/article/download/23163/21160/","institutionOrAuthor":"Деница Петрова, Институт за исторически изследвания при БАН","id":"src.nik.petrova2023","title":"Българите през XIV–XV век – между византийската общност и Османската империя","container":"Дриновський збірник / Дриновски сборник","volume":"16","pages":"26–37","doi":"10.7546/DS.2023.16.03","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","authors":["Деница Петрова, Институт за исторически изследвания при БАН"],"accessed":"2026-10-28","isPdf":true,"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg"}},{"year":1879,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/52569/52569-h/52569-h.htm","institutionOrAuthor":"Johann Schiltberger; translated and edited by J. Buchan Telfer; notes by Philipp Bruun","id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879","title":"The Bondage and Travels of Johann Schiltberger, a Native of Bavaria, in Europe, Asia, and Africa, 1396–1427","container":"Hakluyt Society, first series; London","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","volume":"58","pages":"1–6, 107–109","authors":["Johann Schiltberger; translated and edited by J. Buchan Telfer; notes by Philipp Bruun"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"}],"credits":[{"id":"asset.nik.helmet-cutout","src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-cutout-960.d422969e.webp","alt":"Kesilmiş ayrıntı; arka plan kaldırıldı. Yüz açıklığı ve yüzeyinde küçük delikler bulunan sivri çelik miğfer.","w":1205,"h":1881,"caption":"","credit":"Bilinmeyen İtalyan usta; fotoğraf: Metropolitan Sanat Müzesi. · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bascinet_MET_DP-12880-041x.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en","creditLabels":{"title":"Görseller","source":"Kaynağı aç","full":"Tam kaynak bilgisi"}},{"id":"asset.nik.sigismund","src":"/media/asset-nik-sigismund-960.af78c3a8.webp","alt":"Kürk şapkalı, sakallı Sigismund’un boyalı portresi.","w":1067,"h":1600,"caption":"","kindLabel":"Çizim","visibleKind":"Çizim","credit":"Bilinmeyen sanatçı; önceden atfedilen Pisanello. Fotoğraf: Vassil. · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Anonymous painter (formerly attributed to Pisanello); photograph: Vassil. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Photograph of a fifteenth-century portrait; it does not show the king on the day of battle. The former attribution to Pisanello is uncertain. Processed image. Fifteenth-century painted portrait, photographed by Vassil.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Anonymous painter (formerly attributed to Pisanello); photograph: Vassil. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Photograph of a fifteenth-century portrait; it does not show the king on the day of battle. The former attribution to Pisanello is uncertain. Processed image. Fifteenth-century painted portrait, photographed by Vassil.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Emperor_Sigismund_23062013_1.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","creditLabels":{"title":"Görseller","source":"Kaynağı aç","full":"Tam kaynak bilgisi"}},{"id":"asset.nik.bayezid","src":"/media/asset-nik-bayezid-960.f374fb5e.webp","alt":"Sarıklı I. Bayezid’in gravür portresi.","w":1217,"h":1600,"caption":"","credit":"Aliprando Caprioli; sayısallaştırma: Biblioteca comunale di Trento. · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Aliprando Caprioli; digitisation: Biblioteca comunale di Trento. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. A later artistic likeness, about 1596–1600, not a portrait from life in 1396. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Aliprando Caprioli; digitisation: Biblioteca comunale di Trento. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. A later artistic likeness, about 1596–1600, not a portrait from life in 1396. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bayezid_I,_sultano.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en","creditLabels":{"title":"Görseller","source":"Kaynağı aç","full":"Tam kaynak bilgisi"}},{"id":"asset.nik.danube","src":"/media/asset-nik-danube-960.7604fd0d.webp","alt":"Niğbolu yakınlarında, Tuna’nın karla kaplı kıyısında bir tekne.","w":1600,"h":1200,"caption":"","credit":"Fotoğraf: Preslav; Commons'a aktarım: Dionysos1~commonswiki. · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Preslav (English Wikipedia uploader credited in Commons description); Commons transfer: Dionysos1~commonswiki. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. A modern photograph of the river, not a view of the battlefield in 1396. The boat is modern. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Preslav (English Wikipedia uploader credited in Commons description); Commons transfer: Dionysos1~commonswiki. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. A modern photograph of the river, not a view of the battlefield in 1396. The boat is modern. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nikopol-danube.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","creditLabels":{"title":"Görseller","source":"Kaynağı aç","full":"Tam kaynak bilgisi"}},{"id":"asset.nik.vidin","src":"/media/asset-nik-vidin-960.60f75dfe.webp","alt":"Taş kuleleri ve girişine uzanan köprüsüyle Baba Vida Kalesi.","w":1600,"h":1063,"caption":"","credit":"Fotoğraf: Klearchos Kapoutsis. · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Klearchos Kapoutsis. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY 2.0. A modern photograph of the fortress. It does not establish which visible masonry dates from Sratsimir’s time, is later, or has been restored. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Klearchos Kapoutsis. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY 2.0. A modern photograph of the fortress. It does not establish which visible masonry dates from Sratsimir’s time, is later, or has been restored. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Baba_Vida_Klearchos_4.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Görseller","source":"Kaynağı aç","full":"Tam kaynak bilgisi"}},{"id":"asset.nik.sratsimir","src":"/media/asset-nik-sratsimir-960.9ee3301f.webp","alt":"Taç ve uzun giysiler içindeki Çar Ivan Aleksandır ve oğullarını gösteren minyatür.","w":1166,"h":1600,"caption":"","credit":"Bilinmeyen Orta Çağ sanatçısı; kronik metni: Konstantinos Manasses; röprodüksiyon kaynağı Иван Дуйчев, Миниатюри на Манасиевата летопис (София: Български художник, 1962). · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unidentified medieval illuminator; text of chronicle: Constantine Manasses; book reproduction: Ivan Duichev, Miniatures from the Manasses Chronicle (Sofia: Bulgarski hudojnik, 1962). Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Medieval miniature of Ivan Alexander and his sons, including Ivan Sratsimir, according to the Commons description. Reproduction from a 1962 book; not an image of the battle. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unidentified medieval illuminator; text of chronicle: Constantine Manasses; book reproduction: Ivan Duichev, Miniatures from the Manasses Chronicle (Sofia: Bulgarski hudojnik, 1962). Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Medieval miniature of Ivan Alexander and his sons, including Ivan Sratsimir, according to the Commons description. Reproduction from a 1962 book; not an image of the battle. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:69-manasses-chronicle.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","creditLabels":{"title":"Görseller","source":"Kaynağı aç","full":"Tam kaynak bilgisi"}},{"id":"asset.nik.nikopol-gate","src":"/media/asset-nik-nikopol-gate-960.d6e5b5f7.webp","alt":"Girişinin önünde bir insan bulunan taş kapı ve duvarlar.","w":1600,"h":1200,"caption":"","credit":"Fotoğraf: Preslav. · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Preslav. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. A modern photograph of a gate and masonry, with a person outside. It does not prove this gate existed in 1396. The masonry’s date and restorations have not been established here. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Preslav. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. A modern photograph of a gate and masonry, with a person outside. It does not prove this gate existed in 1396. The masonry’s date and restorations have not been established here. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nikopolfortressgate.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","creditLabels":{"title":"Görseller","source":"Kaynağı aç","full":"Tam kaynak bilgisi"}},{"id":"asset.nik.helmet","src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.webp","alt":"Yüz açıklığı ve yüzeyinde küçük delikler bulunan sivri çelik miğfer.","w":1903,"h":2400,"caption":"","credit":"Bilinmeyen İtalyan usta; fotoğraf: Metropolitan Sanat Müzesi. · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bascinet_MET_DP-12880-041x.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en","creditLabels":{"title":"Görseller","source":"Kaynağı aç","full":"Tam kaynak bilgisi"}},{"id":"asset.nik.battle-miniature","src":"/media/asset-nik-battle-miniature-960.1b887476.webp","alt":"Silahlı atlılar, toplar ve tahkim edilmiş yapılar gösteren minyatür.","w":1097,"h":1600,"caption":"","credit":"Bilinmeyen Osmanlı sanatçısı; tarama: Szilas, kaynak Géza Fehér, Török miniatúrák (Будапеща: Corvina, 1978). · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unidentified Ottoman artist; scan: Szilas, from Géza Fehér, Török miniatúrák (Budapest: Corvina, 1978). Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Later Ottoman miniature presented on Commons as the Battle of Nicopolis. Commons lists Topkapı, Hazine 1523, folio 108b. Its identification and date still need a catalogue check. The guns and buildings do not establish the battle’s appearance in 1396. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unidentified Ottoman artist; scan: Szilas, from Géza Fehér, Török miniatúrák (Budapest: Corvina, 1978). Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Later Ottoman miniature presented on Commons as the Battle of Nicopolis. Commons lists Topkapı, Hazine 1523, folio 108b. Its identification and date still need a catalogue check. The guns and buildings do not establish the battle’s appearance in 1396. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Nicopolis.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","creditLabels":{"title":"Görseller","source":"Kaynağı aç","full":"Tam kaynak bilgisi"}},{"id":"asset.nik.schiltberger","src":"/media/asset-nik-schiltberger-960.1f6bd018.webp","alt":"Büyük kırmızı bir başlangıç harfi ve koyu yazı satırları içeren el yazması yaprağı.","w":1159,"h":1631,"caption":"","credit":"Bilinmeyen müstensih; metin: Johann Schiltberger; sayısallaştırma: Heidelberg Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi; Commons'tan kırpılmış sürüm. · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Anonymous scribe; text: Johann Schiltberger; digitisation: Heidelberg University Library; crop as credited on Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Cod. Pal. germ. 216, folio 1r, Heidelberg University Library. A later manuscript copy, not a battlefield notebook. Cropped version from Commons. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Anonymous scribe; text: Johann Schiltberger; digitisation: Heidelberg University Library; crop as credited on Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Cod. Pal. germ. 216, folio 1r, Heidelberg University Library. A later manuscript copy, not a battlefield notebook. Cropped version from Commons. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod._Pal._germ._216_Schiltberger_Heidelberger_Handschrift_1r_cropped.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","creditLabels":{"title":"Görseller","source":"Kaynağı aç","full":"Tam kaynak bilgisi"}},{"id":"map-relief","src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","thumb":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","alt":"Tarihî sınırlar olmadan coğrafi bağlam","w":3072,"h":1987,"caption":"","kindLabel":"Tarihî sınırlar olmadan coğrafi bağlam","visibleKind":"Tarihî sınırlar olmadan coğrafi bağlam","credit":"Tom Patterson · Nathaniel Vaughn Kelso · Kamu malı · Natural Earth","license":"Kamu malı","attribution":"Tom Patterson · Nathaniel Vaughn Kelso","attributionParts":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/10m-raster-data/10m-gray-earth/","licenseUrl":"https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/","creditLabels":{"title":"Görseller","source":"Kaynağı aç","full":"Tam kaynak bilgisi"}}],"places":[{"note":"Buda coğrafi bir konum işaretidir; belirlenmiş bir kamp yeri değildir.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.nik.buda","name":"Buda","latitude":47.466666666667,"longitude":19.05,"radiusMeters":8000,"sourceIds":["src.nik.coords.buda"],"accuracy":"approximate","guideUrl":null,"slug":"nik.buda","url":"/tr/map/#nik.buda"},{"note":"Şehrin yaklaşık konumu; savaşın tam yeri değildir.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.vid.nikopol","name":"Niğbolu","latitude":43.698571,"longitude":24.892409,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":3000,"sourceIds":["src.vid.coords-nikopol","src.nik.coords.nikopol"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"vid.nikopol","url":"/tr/map/#vid.nikopol"},{"note":"Yaklaşık konum; Orta Çağ sınırlarını göstermez.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.vid.vidin","name":"Vidin","latitude":43.98869,"longitude":22.874058,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":2000,"sourceIds":["src.vid.coords-vidin","src.bel.coords.vidin","src.nik.coords.vidin"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"vid.vidin","url":"/tr/map/#vid.vidin"}],"find":null,"next":[{"storyId":"story.kaliakra","title":"Kayalık ve donanmalar","topic":"Kaliakra","eyebrow":"Kaliakra","url":"/tr/stories/kaliakra/","reason":"İnsanların başka bir dönemde nasıl yaşayıp çalıştığını görün.","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-inscription-cutout-480.eb221c2f.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-inscription-cutout-960.eb221c2f.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-inscription-cutout-1600.eb221c2f.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#c3925f","h":1217,"w":2330,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-inscription-cutout-960.eb221c2f.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kal-inscription-cutout-960.eb221c2f.webp","id":"asset.kal.inscription-cutout","alt":"Kesilmiş ayrıntı; arka plan kaldırıldı. Bir kulenin onarımını anlatan Yunanca yazıtlı taş levhanın müzedeki sergisi. Metinde Hermogenes'in adı geçer; görevi ve kesin tarih tartışmalıdır. Fotoğraf burunda değil, Sofya'da çekilmiştir.","objectCaption":"Taş yazıt","caption":"Bir kulenin onarımını anlatan Yunanca yazıtlı taş levhanın müzedeki sergisi. Metinde Hermogenes'in adı geçer; görevi ve kesin tarih tartışmalıdır. Fotoğraf burunda değil, Sofya'da çekilmiştir.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Görseller","source":"Kaynağı aç","full":"Tam kaynak bilgisi"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Bin im Garten · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Bin im Garten / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Bin im Garten / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:National_Historical_Museum_of_Bulgaria_PD_2012_053.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"},"minutes":4,"sceneCount":9},{"storyId":"story.boyana-church","title":"Boyana'nın yüzleri","topic":"Boyana Kilisesi","eyebrow":"Boyana Kilisesi · Boyana","url":"/tr/stories/boyana-church/","reason":"","image":{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-boyana-exterior-480.b8b98199.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-boyana-exterior-960.b8b98199.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-boyana-exterior-1600.b8b98199.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#63624f","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-boyana-exterior-960.b8b98199.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-boyana-exterior-960.b8b98199.webp","id":"asset.boyana.exterior","alt":"Ağaçlar arasında Boyana Kilisesi'nin tuğla cepheleri, iki kubbeli bölümü ve taş kaidesi.","objectCaption":"Boyana Kilisesi","caption":"","kindLabel":"Fotoğraf","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Görseller","source":"Kaynağı aç","full":"Tam kaynak bilgisi"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Aleksander Dragnes · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Source: Aleksander Dragnes / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0 Processed image. Site today","attributionParts":[{"text":"Source: Aleksander Dragnes / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0 Processed image. Site today","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Boyana_Church_1.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"},"minutes":5,"sceneCount":9},{"storyId":"story.georgi-ivanov-1979","title":"Yörüngeye, kenetlenmeden","topic":"Georgi İvanov","eyebrow":"Georgi İvanov · Baykonur","url":"/tr/stories/georgi-ivanov-1979/","reason":"","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-480.e61f7ab3.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-960.e61f7ab3.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-1600.e61f7ab3.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#66584e","h":1781,"w":1618,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-960.e61f7ab3.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-960.e61f7ab3.webp","id":"asset.cosmos.capsule-cutout","alt":"Kesilmiş ayrıntı; arka plan kaldırıldı. Koyu ve kahverengi dış yüzeyli, yuvarlak pencereli çan biçimli kapsül; solunda bir paraşüt var.","objectCaption":"Soyuz 33 kapsülü","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Görseller","source":"Kaynağı aç","full":"Tam kaynak bilgisi"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Scroch · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Scroch / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Scroch / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Soyuz_33_descent_module.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},"minutes":5,"sceneCount":9}],"people":[{"id":"person.ivan-alexander","name":"İvan Aleksandır","url":"/tr/people/ivan-alexander/"},{"id":"person.ivan-sratsimir","name":"İvan Sratsimir","url":"/tr/people/ivan-sratsimir/"},{"id":"person.bayezid-i","name":"I. Bayezid","url":"/tr/people/bayezid-i/"},{"id":"person.jesus","name":"İsa","url":"/tr/people/jesus/"},{"id":"person.sigismund","name":"Sigismund","url":"/tr/people/sigismund/"},{"id":"person.jean-nevers","name":"Jean de Nevers","url":"/tr/people/jean-nevers/"},{"id":"person.johann-schiltberger","name":"Johann Schiltberger","url":"/tr/people/johann-schiltberger/"},{"id":"person.stefan-lazarevic","name":"Stefan Lazareviç","url":"/tr/people/stefan-lazarevic/"},{"id":"person.manuel-ii","name":"II. Manuil","url":"/tr/people/manuel-ii/"}],"rulers":[{"id":"ruler.ivan-sratsimir","name":"İvan Sratsimir","url":"/tr/rulers/ivan-sratsimir/"},{"id":"ruler.ivan-shishman","name":"İvan Şişman","url":"/tr/rulers/ivan-shishman/"}],"status":"draft","fact":{"id":"fact.discover.nikopol-1396","storyId":"story.nikopol-1396","factId":"F01","text":"Çelik savaşı 25 Eylül 1396’ya tarihler; Dimitrov aynı yılın 28 Eylül tarihini kullanır.","sourceIds":["src.nik.celik2023","src.nik.dimitrov1998"]},"collectionFind":{"number":43,"total":59,"title":"Miğfer","dateLabel":"14. yy.","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-cutout-480.d422969e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-cutout-960.d422969e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-cutout-1205.d422969e.avif","w":1205}],"dominant":"#605650","h":1881,"w":1205,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-cutout-960.d422969e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-cutout-960.d422969e.webp","id":"asset.nik.helmet-cutout","alt":"Kesilmiş ayrıntı; arka plan kaldırıldı. Yüz açıklığı ve yüzeyinde küçük delikler bulunan sivri çelik miğfer.","objectCaption":"Miğfer","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Görseller","source":"Kaynağı aç","full":"Tam kaynak bilgisi"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Bilinmeyen İtalyan usta; fotoğraf: Metropolitan Sanat Müzesi. · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bascinet_MET_DP-12880-041x.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"}},"ui":{"web.learnPromo":"Bu öyküleri Bulgarca okuyun — dili öğrenin","web.travelPromo":"Burayı ziyaret edin — Bulgaristan gezi rehberi","web.autoAdvance":"Sonraki sahneye otomatik geçiş","web.repeatActivities":"Etkinlikleri tekrarla","web.shortcuts":"Klavye kısayolları","web.sceneNavigation":"Önceki / sonraki sahne","web.findCount":"{total} buluntudan {count} tanesi bulundu","web.resumeNarration":"{time} konumundan sürdür","web.activityLabel":"Etkinlik","web.skippedActivities":"Etkinlikler · {count} — başla","web.placesCount":"yer: {count}","web.moreAnswers":"Diğer yanıtlar aşağıda","web.playerSceneOf":"Sahne {scene} / {total}: {title}","web.closeStory":"Hikâyeyi kapat","web.imageFit":"Görselin tamamını göster","web.activityOf":"Etkinlik · {scene} / {total}","web.activityMoved":"Taşındı: {total} konumdan {scene}. konuma","web.activityIncomplete":"Tüm çiftleri eşleştirin","web.seekTen":"10 saniye geri / ileri","web.activityFromScene":"{scene}. sahneden","web.nextStory":"Sonraki hikâye","web.transcriptRevised":"metin netleştirildi","action.close":"Kapat","action.next":"İleri","action.retry":"Yeniden dene","activity.check":"Kontrol et","answer.correct":"Doğru","answer.incorrect":"Yanlış","audio.backTen":"10 saniye geri","audio.pause":"Duraklat","audio.play":"Anlatımı oynat","audio.seek":"Anlatım konumu","audio.speed":"Anlatım hızı","audio.synthetic":"Sentetik ses","audio.unavailable":"Ses kullanılamıyor. Metni okuyabilirsin.","bookmark.add":"Hikâyeyi kaydet","bookmark.inSaved":"Kaydedilenlerde","bookmark.remove":"Kayıtlı hikâyeyi kaldır","bookmark.removed":"Yer imi kaldırıldı","credit.title":"Görseller","discover.audioMinutes %lld":"%lld dk","discover.mapLabel":"Tarihî sınırlar olmadan coğrafi bağlam","player.approximate":"Yaklaşık konum","player.back":"Geri","player.completed":"Koleksiyonunuza yeni bir buluntu","player.counter %lld %lld":"%1$lld / %2$lld","player.details %lld":"Ayrıntılar (%lld)","player.explanation":"Neden böyle?","player.finish":"Bitir","player.firstCorrect":"✓ İlk denemede doğru","player.firstOther":"İlk deneme kaydedildi. Tekrar denemek alıştırmadır.","player.interpretation":"Yorum","player.matchHint":"Soldaki terime, ardından sağdaki anlama dokun. Bağlantıyı kaldırmak için bağlı öğeye dokun.","player.moveDown":"Aşağı taşı","player.moveUp":"Yukarı taşı","player.nextDetail":"Sonraki ayrıntı","player.previousDetail":"Önceki ayrıntı","player.related":"İlgili hikâyeler","player.scene %lld":"Bölüm %lld","player.sequenceHint":"En eskiden en yeniye sıralayın.","player.showAll":"Tümünü göster","player.skip":"Atla","player.sources %lld":"Kaynaklar · %lld","player.summary %lld %lld":"İlk denemede doğru: %1$lld / %2$lld","player.unpair":"Çifti ayır","player.vitrine":"Buluntulara git","sources.title":"Kaynaklar","story.listen":"Dinle","story.sceneCount %lld":{"other":"%lld sahne","one":"%lld sahne"},"story.start":"Başla","answer.chosen":"Seçtiğiniz yanıt","answer.skipped":"Etkinlik atlandı","answer.revealed":"Yanıt gösterildi","answer.correctOrder":"Doğru sıralama","answer.correctPairs":"Doğru eşleştirmeler","answer.yours.correct":"Yanıtınız · doğru","answer.yours.incorrect":"Yanıtınız · yanlış","audio.stop":"Dinlemeyi durdur","Search.search.group.places":"Yerler","Atlas.zoomIn":"Yakınlaştır","Atlas.zoomOut":"Uzaklaştır"},"promos":{"learn":{"icon":"/media/promo/learn-160.webp","name":"Bulgarca Öğren","url":"https://bulgaria.zydeno.com/tr/learn-bulgarian/"},"travel":{"icon":"/media/promo/travel-160.webp","name":"Bulgaristan Gezi Rehberi","url":"https://bulgaria.zydeno.com/tr/travel-guide-bulgaria/"}}}